VENTURIMETER

VENTURIMETER:
A venturimeter is essentially a short pipe consisting of two conical parts with a short portion of uniform cross-section in between. This short portion has the minimum area and is known as the throat. The two conical portions have the same base diameter, but one is having a shorter length with a larger cone angle while the other is having a larger length with a smaller cone angle.

A KNUCKLE JOINT

A KNUCKLE JOINT-
Knuckle joint is used to connect the two rods which are under the tensile load, when there is requirement of small amount of flexibility or angular moment is necessary. There is always axial or linear line of action of load. The knuckle joint assembly consist of following major components :
1.Single eye.
2.Double eye or fork.
3.Knuckle pin.
At one end of the rod the single eye is formed and double eye is formed at the other end of the rod. Both, single and double eye are connected by a pin inserted through eye.The pin has a head at one end and at other end there is a taper pin or split pin. For gripping purpose the ends of the rod are of octagonal forms.Now, when the two eyes are pulled apart, the pin holds them together .The solid rod portion of the joint in this case is much stronger than the portion through which the pin passes.
Application of knuckle joint in tractor.
The modes of failure are :
1.Shear failure of pin (single shear).
2.Crushing of pin against rod.
3.Tensile failure of flat end bar.
Application :
1.Tie rod joint of roof truss.
2.Tension link in bridge structure.
3.Link of roller chain.
4.Tie rod joint of jib crane.
5.The knuckle joint is also used in tractor.

Strengthened concrete

BMW K1200S

Technical specification of BMW K1200S
Displacement: 1157.00 ccm (70.60 cubic inches)
Engine type: In-line four
Stroke: 4
Power: 167.00 HP (121.9 kW)) @ 10250 RPM
Torque: 130.00 Nm (13.3 kgf-m or 95.9 ft.lbs) @ 8250 RPM
Bore x stroke: 79.0 x 59.0 mm (3.1 x 2.3 inches)
Fuel system: Injection. Electronic fuel injection
Fuel control: DOHC
Cooling system: Liquid
Gearbox: 6-speed
Transmission typefinal drive: Shaft drive (cardan)
Clutch: Hydraulic, wet, multi-disc
Chassis and dimensions
Front suspension: Duolever
Rear suspension: EVO Paralever
Front tyre dimensions: 120/70-ZR17
Rear tyre dimensions: 190/50-ZR17
Front brakes:Dual disc
Front brakes diameter: 320 mm (12.6 inches)
Rear brakes: Single disc
Rear brakes diameter: 265 mm (10.4 inches)
Speed and acceleration
Power/weight ratio: 0.7357 HP/kg
Other specifications
Fuel capacity: 19.00 litres (5.02 gallons)

An Otto cycle

An Otto cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle which
describes the functioning of a typical spark ignition
reciprocating piston engine, the thermodynamic cycle most
commonly found in automobile engines.
The processes are described by
Process 1-2 is an isentropic compression of the air as the
piston moves from bottom dead centre (BDC) to top dead
centre (TDC).
Process 2-3 is a constant-volume heat transfer to the air
from an external source while the piston is at top dead
centre. This process is intended to represent the ignition of
the fuel-air mixture and the subsequent rapid burning.
Process 3-4 is an isentropic expansion (power stroke).
Process 4-1 completes the cycle by a constant-volume
process in which heat is rejected from the air while the
piston is a bottom dead centre.y

Pump Assembly

Pump Assembly ##
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------------------------------
A fuel pump is a frequently (but not always) essential
component on a car or other internal combustion engined
device. Many engines (older motorcycle engines in
particular) do not require any fuel pump at all, requiring only
gravity to feed fuel from the fuel tank through a line or hose
to the engine. But in non-gravity feed designs, fuel has to be
pumped from the fuel tank to the engine and delivered under
low pressure to the carburetor or under high pressure to the
fuel injection system.

Herringbone gears

What are Herringbone gears and what for these are used ?
In normal helical gears there is no problem of impact
stresses but there are axial thrusts on the bearings of shafts
on which they are mounted.these gears are good for
moderate power transmission because bearing can be
designed.But in very high power transmission design of
bearing for a small and compact system becomes very tough
and unemployable.Thus herringbone gears were designed to
eliminate these axial thrusts.This gear contains both right
hand helical profile and left hand helical profile on same gear
as you can see in diagram.The axial components of
transmission force is cancelled by each other on same
gear.Thus eliminating the problem of thrust force.
These gears are used in racing cars where high power
transmission is required and bearing size can not be
increased after certain limit.

Volkswagen Aqua

Volkswagen Aqua:
Chinese designer creates eco-friendly all-terrain car for land,
water and ice.
Created by Chinese designer Yuhan Zhang, the Volkswagen
Aqua would be powered by a hydrogen fuel cell and would
emit zero carbon dioxide.The all-terrain vehicle, which has a
top speed of 62mph and works like a hovercraft, can move
seamlessly between different surfaces.

PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF A CLUTCH

PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF A CLUTCH
..........................................................
The clutch assembly is located between the engine and the
transmission/transaxle. The purpose and function of a clutch
include the following:
1-To disconnect the engine from the transmission/transaxle
to permit the engine to remain running when the vehicle is
stopped and to permit the transmission/transaxle to be
shifted
Connect and transmit engine torque to the transmission/
transaxle
2-To dampen and absorb engine impulses and drivetrain
vibration
3-To provide a smooth engagement and disengagement
between the engine and the transmission/transaxle.

POWER STEERING

POWER STEERING:
Power steering assists the driver of an automobile in
steering by directing a portion of the vehicle’s power to
traverse the axis of one or more of the road wheels. As
vehicles have become heavier and switched to front wheel
drive, particularly using negative offset geometry, along with
increases in tire width and diameter, the effort needed to
turn the steering wheel manually has increased often to the
point where major physical exertion is required. To alleviate
this, auto makers have developed power steering systems:
or more correctly power-assisted steering on road going
vehicles there has to be a mechanical linkage as a fail safe.
There are two types of power steering systems hydraulic
and electric/electronic.

Newcomen Atmospheric Engine

Newcomen Atmospheric Engine ##
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------------------------------
The atmospheric engine invented by Thomas Newcomen in
1712, often referred to simply as a Newcomen engine, was
the first practical device to harness the power of steam to
produce mechanical work.Newcomen engines were used
throughout Britain and Europe, principally to pump water out
of mines, starting in the early 18th century. James Watt's
later Watt steam engine was an improved version of the
Newcomen engine. As a result, Watt is today better known
than Newcomen in relation to the origin of the steam engine.

SCUDERI ENGINE

SCUDERI ENGINE:
The basic concept of the Scuderi Engine is to divide the four
strokes of a standard engine over a paired combination of
one compression cylinder and one power (or expansion)
cylinder.
CONCEPT OF DESIGN:
Gas is compressed in the compression cylinder and
transferred to the power cylinder through a gas passage.
The Scuderi Split-Cycle Engine changes the heart of the
conventional engine by dividing (or splitting) the four strokes
of the Otto cycle over a paired combination of one
compression cylinder and one power cylinder.
IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY:
Fuel efficiency improvements of 15% - 30% initially with
further improvements possible.
Potential reduction of NOx emissions of 50% - 80%.
Lower average operating engine speed reduces engine wear
and tear.
Design Flexibility-more controllable parameters available for
achieving enhanced or customized performance.

Magneto ignition system

Magneto ignition system
An ignition magneto is a magneto that provides current for
the ignition system of a spark-ignition engine, such as a
petrol engine. It produces pulses of high voltage for the spark
plugs.The use of ignition magnetos is now confined mainly
to engines where there is no other available electrical supply,
for example in lawnmowers and chainsaws. It is also widely
used in aviation piston engines even though an electrical
supply is usually available. This is because a magneto
ignition system is more reliable than a battery-coil system.
People discussing magnetos and coils used in early internal-
combustion engines generally used the term "tension"
instead of the more modern term "voltage."

Wankel engine

Wankel engine:-
The Wankel engine is a type of internal combustion engine
using an eccentric rotary design to convert pressure into a
rotating motion instead of using reciprocating pistons. Its
four-stroke cycle takes place in a space between the
inside of an oval-like epitrochoid-shaped housing and a
rotor that is similar in shape to a Reuleaux triangle but
with sides that are somewhat flatter. The very compact
Wankel engine delivers smooth high-rpm power. It is
commonly called a rotary engine, though this name applies
also to other completely different designs.
Due to their compact design, Wankel rotary engines have
been installed in a variety of vehicles and devices including
automobiles, motorcycles, racers, aircraft, go-karts, jet
skis, snowmobiles, chain saws, and auxiliary power units.

Disc brakes

Disc brakes
Disc brakes are an order of magnitude better at stopping
vehicles than drum brakes, which is why you'll find disc
brakes on the front of almost every car and motorbike built
today. Sportier vehicles with higher speeds need better
brakes to slow them down, so you'll likely see disc brakes on
the rear of those too.
Disc brakes are again a two-part system. Instead of the
drum, you have a disc or rotor, and instead of the brake
shoes, you now have brake caliper assemblies. The caliper
assemblies contain one or more hydraulic pistons which
push against the back of the brake pads, clamping them
together around the spinning rotor. The harder they clamp
together, the more friction is generated, which means more
heat, which means more kinetic energy transfer, which slows
you down. You get the idea by now.

Surface Condenser

Surface Condenser ##
---------------------------------------------
------------------------------
A surface condenser is a commonly used term for a water-
cooled shell and tube heat exchanger installed on the
exhaust steam from a steam turbine in thermal power
stations. These condensers are heat exchangers which
convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid state at a
pressure below atmospheric pressure. Where cooling water
is in short supply, an air-cooled condenser is often used. An
air-cooled condenser is significantly more expensive and
cannot achieve as low a steam turbine exhaust pressure as
a water-cooled surface condenser.

Liquid Rocket Engine

Liquid Rocket Engine ##
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------------------------------
A liquid-propellant rocket or a liquid rocket is a rocket
engine that uses propellants in liquid form. Liquids are
desirable because their reasonably high density allows the
volume of the propellant tanks to be relatively low, and it is
possible to use lightweight centrifugal turbopumps to pump
the propellant from the tanks into the combustion chamber,
which means that the propellants can be kept under low
pressure. This permits the use of low-mass propellant tanks,
resulting in a high mass ratio for the rocket.
An inert gas stored in a tank at a high pressure is
sometimes used instead of pumps in simpler small engines
to force the propellants into the combustion chamber. These
engines may have a lower mass ratio, but are usually more
reliable 186,187 and are therefore used widely in satellites
for orbit maintenance.

4 stroke IC engine

The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the
combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel ) occurs with an
oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an
integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal
combustion engine (ICE) the expansion of the high-
temperature and high- pressure gases produced by
combustion apply direct force to some component of the
engine. The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine
blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over
a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful
mechanical energy . The first commercially successful
internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir .
[1]
The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an
engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the
more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines,
along with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine
and the Wankel rotary engine. A second class of internal
combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas
turbines , jet engines and most rocket engines, each of
which are internal combustion engines on the same
principle as previously described.[1]
The ICE is quite different from external combustion
engines, such as steam or Stirling engines , in which the
energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of,
mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products.
Working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurized water or
even liquid sodium, heated in some kind of boiler . ICEs are
usually powered by energy-dense fuels such as gasoline or
diesel, liquids derived from fossil fuels . While there are
many stationary applications, most ICEs are used in mobile
applications and are the dominant power supply for cars,
aircraft, and boats.
A four-stroke engine (also known as four-cycle ) is an
internal combustion engine in which the piston completes
four separate strokes which comprise a single
thermodynamic cycle. A stroke refers to the full travel of
the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. While
risqué slang among some automotive enthusiasts names
these respectively the "suck," "squeeze," "bang" and "blow"
strokes. [1] they are more commonly termed
1. INTAKE: this stroke of the piston begins at top dead
center. The piston descends from the top of the
cylinder to the bottom of the cylinder, increasing the
volume of the cylinder. A mixture of fuel and air is
forced by atmospheric (or greater) pressure into the
cylinder through the intake port.
2. COMPRESSION: with both intake and exhaust valves
closed, the piston returns to the top of the cylinder
compressing the air or fuel-air mixture into the
cylinder head.
3. POWER: this is the start of the second revolution of
the cycle. While the piston is close to Top Dead
Centre, the compressed air–fuel mixture in a
gasoline engine is ignited, by a spark plug in gasoline
engines, or which ignites due to the heat generated
by compression in a diesel engine. The resulting
pressure from the combustion of the compressed
fuel-air mixture forces the piston back down toward
bottom dead centre.
4. EXHAUST: during the exhaust stroke, the piston once
again returns to top dead centre while the exhaust
valve is open. This action expels the spent fuel-air
mixture through the exhaust valve(s).

Diesel Engine Technical details:

Diesel Engine Technical details:
The design of Diesel engine is mostly alike the one of the
petrol engine – both have pistons, cylinders, valves. But the
ignition system in Diesel engines is lack in principle. Instead
of the usual spark in Diesel engines the fuel-air mixture is
ignited by high temperature of the compressed air. Let’s
review the Diesel engine operating principle.
The Diesel engine operating scheme
1-th stroke. The piston is moving down till lower dead point
and the fresh air is blown from intake valve.
2-th stroke. The piston is moving up till upper dead point
and the air in the cylinder is compressed multiple times (14
up to 25) and its temperature raises up to 700-800 C.
3-th stroke. At the moment the pistol reaches the upper
dead point the fuel is injected into cylinder. Combustion act.
The fuel-air mixture is expands and the piston is going
down.
4-th stroke. The piston is going down, and gases are
exhausted throw the open exhaust valve.
The fuel in the cylinder ignites with rapid pressure jump that
makes the engine to work noisy and with vibration. To
preserve the operation safety on the required level the Diesel
engine is designed much more durable than the petrol
engine. More durability assumes more heavy-weighted.
The fuel supply system of Diesel engine also differs from the
petrol-powered engine. The first thing to say it is more
complicated. The fuel in the combustion chamber should be
injected under high pressure and it is very minor in volume.
The engine is controlled by the electronic unit, which
controls the fuel pump and the injector according to data get
from sensors. That kind of design makes the engine much
more expensive.

Multimode manual transmission (MMT )

Multimode manual transmission (MMT )
........................................................
Multimode Manual Transmission (MMT or M/M, also
Multimode Transmission) is a type of sequential manual
transmission offered by Toyota. It uses a traditional manual
gearbox with an electronically controlled clutch. Multimode
Manual Transmission is available in the Aygo, Yaris, Corolla,
Corolla Verso and Auris in Europe, and should not be
confused with Multimode Automatic Transmission, which is
offered in the North American market by Toyota.
The Multimode Manual Transmission has the following gears:
R, N, E, M+, M-.
•R: R is the reverse gear. It is similar to R in both traditional
manual and in full automatic cars.
•N: N is the neutral gear. It is similar to N in both traditional
manual and full automatic.
•E: E is the functional equivalent of D in a full automatic. As
the gearbox in a MMT car is a manual gearbox, instead of
one with a torque converter as in a traditional automatic,
gear changes are noticeable. The accelerator should be
eased off slightly when gear changes to produce a smooth
ride.
•M- : Downshifts a gear in sequential fashion, from M5 (M6
in 6-speed MMT cars) to M1.
•M+: Up-shifts a gear in sequential fas

IC Engine Cooling System By Air Cooling Method

IC Engine Cooling System By Air Cooling Method ##
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Heat engines generate mechanical power by extracting
energy from heat flows, much as a water wheel extracts
mechanical power from a flow of mass falling through a
distance. Engines are inefficient, so more heat energy enters
the engine than comes out as mechanical power; the
difference is waste heat which must be removed. Internal
combustion engines remove waste heat through cool intake
air, hot exhaust gases, and explicit engine cooling.Engines
with higher efficiency have more energy leave as mechanical
motion and less as waste heat. Some waste heat is
essential: it guides heat through the engine, much as a water
wheel works only if there is some exit velocity (energy) in
the waste water to carry it away and make room for more
water. Thus, all heat engines need cooling to operate.

Piston

A piston is a component of reciprocating engines ,
reciprocating pumps, gas compressors and pneumatic
cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the
moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is
made gas-tight by piston rings. In an engine, its purpose is
to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the
crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod . In a
pump, the function is reversed and force is transferred from
the crankshaft to the piston for the purpose of
compressing or ejecting the fluid in the cylinder. In some
engines, the piston also acts as a valve by covering and
uncovering ports in the cylinder wall.
Piston engines
Main article: Reciprocating engine
Internal combustion engines
Internal combustion engine piston, sectioned to show the
gudgeon pin.
The piston of an internal combustion engine is acted upon
by the pressure of the expanding combustion gases in the
combustion chamber space at the top of the cylinder. This
force then acts downwards through the connecting rod and
onto the crankshaft . The connecting rod is attached to the
piston by a swivelling gudgeon pin (US: wrist pin). This pin
is mounted within the piston: unlike the steam engine,
there is no piston rod or crosshead (except big two stroke
engines).
The pin itself is of hardened steel and is fixed in the
piston, but free to move in the connecting rod. A few
designs use a 'fully floating' design that is loose in both
components. All pins must be prevented from moving
sideways and the ends of the pin digging into the cylinder
wall, usually by circlips .
Gas sealing is achieved by the use of piston rings. These
are a number of narrow iron rings, fitted loosely into
grooves in the piston, just below the crown. The rings are
split at a point in the rim, allowing them to press against
the cylinder with a light spring pressure. Two types of ring
are used: the upper rings have solid faces and provide gas
sealing; lower rings have narrow edges and a U-shaped
profile, to act as oil scrapers. There are many proprietary
and detail design features associated with piston rings.
Pistons are cast from aluminium alloys . For better
strength and fatigue life, some racing pistons may be
forged instead. Early pistons were of cast iron , but there
were obvious benefits for engine balancing if a lighter alloy
could be used. To produce pistons that could survive
engine combustion temperatures, it was necessary to
develop new alloys such as Y alloy and Hiduminium ,
specifically for use as pistons.
A few early gas engines [note 1] had double-acting
cylinders, but otherwise effectively all internal combustion
engine pistons are single-acting . During World War II, the
US submarine Pompano[note 2] was fitted with a prototype
of the infamously unreliable H.O.R. double-acting two-
stroke diesel engine. Although compact, for use in a
cramped submarine, this design of engine was not
repeated.

CRAWLER DOZER KOMASTU

## CRAWLER DOZER KOMASTU ##
---------------------------------------------
----------------------------
The Komatsu D575A is a 1,150 horsepower (860 kW) tractor
crawler available as a bulldozer/ripper, the D575A-3, or as a
dedicated bulldozer, the D575A-3 SD Super Dozer.Equipped
with a standard blade, both versions are capable of moving
90 cubic yards (69 m3) of material per pass although the
D575A-3 SD Super Dozer is capable of moving 125 cubic
yards (96 m3) of material per pass if equipped with an
optional blade.The D575A-3 can dig to a maximum depth of
6 feet 9 inches (2.06 m) using its single shank ripper.

An indexing head

An indexing head:-
also known as a dividing head or spiral head,is a specialized
tool that allows a workpiece to be circularly indexed; that is,
easily and precisely rotated to preset angles or circular
divisions.
Indexing heads are usually used on the tables of milling
machines, but may be used on many other machine tools
including drill presses, grinders, and boring machines.
Common jobs for a dividing head include machining the
flutes of a milling cutter, cutting the teeth of a gear, milling
curved slots, or drilling a bolt hole circle around the
circumference of a part.

Whitworth quick return mechanism

Whitworth quick return mechanism :
The Whitworth quick return mechanism converts rotary
motion into reciprocating motion, but unlike the crank and
slider, the forward reciprocating motion is at a different rate
than the backward stroke. At the bottom of the drive arm,
the peg only has to move through a few degrees to sweep
the arm from left to right, but it takes the remainder of the
revolution to bring the arm back. This mechanism is most
commonly seen as the drive for a shaping machine.

Gas Turbine

## Gas Turbine ##
---------------------------------------------
--------------------------------
An internal-combustion engine consisting of an air
compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine wheel that is
turned by the expanding products of combustion. The four
major types of gas turbine engines are the turboprop,
turbojet, turbofan, and turboshaft. Gas turbine - turbine that
converts the chemical energy of a liquid fuel into mechanical
energy by internal combustion; gaseous products of the fuel
(which is burned in compressed air) are expanded through a
turbine.

Drilling Jig

http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=bNXkkQ8aCYQ&gl=IN&hl=en&guid=&client=mv-google

Radiators

Radiators:-
Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal
energy from one medium to another for the purpose of
cooling and heating. The majority of radiators are
constructed to function
in automobiles , buildings , and electronics . The radiator is
always a source of heat to its environment, although this
may be for either the purpose of heating this environment, or
for cooling the fluid or coolant supplied to it, as for engine
cooling . Despite the name, radiators generally transfer the
bulk of their heat via convection, not by thermal radiation.

DTSI Technology & DTS-Si

What is DTSI Technology & DTS-Si ?
In DTSi, in Technology stead of 1 we are using 2 spark plugs. Flame front
formed is able to consume more air-fuel mixture as
compared with 1 spark plug, thus more complete burning and
more efficiency.
in DTS-Si, with addition of 2nd spark plug, what they are
doing is relocating valves position. With proper designing of
inlet and outlet valves you can induce extra swirl for inoming
air fuel mixture. Due to turbulence, extra efforts are provided
for proper mixing of air and fuel. (We can not allow petrol to
go in liquid droplet form, it should be finely atomized). With
well atomized air fuel mixture, efficiency increases.

DUKE ENGINE

DUKE ENGINE- low vibration engine
* The engine with lowest vibration level 0.01 - 0.1 %
* variable compression ratio is possible
* multifuel capable
* Compact small dimensions
* 80% thermal efficiency
Duke Engines are in an advanced stage of developing a
unique high-speed, valve-less 5 cylinder, 3 injector axial
internal combustion engine with zero first-order vibration,
significantly reduced size and weight, very high power
density and the ability to run on multiple fuels and bio-fuels.
The Duke engine is suited for many uses including marine,
military, automobile, light aircraft and range extender
applications.

meaning of APDV, ASFS, ATFT.

What is the meaning of APDV, ASFS, ATFT... which we
generally find in bike engines????
APDV :
The term APDV stands for "Advanced Pro Series Digital
Variable Ignition System". APDV means, the injection of the
spark plugs is controlled digitally, which offers better and
efficient combustion of fuel. Bikes which APDV engine are
Splendor Pro, Passion Pro and the Splendor NXG.
ASFS:
The term ASFS stands for "Advanced Swirl Flow Induction
System". The technology is similar to that of the Bajaj
Auto’s DTS-Si (Digital Twin Spark – Swirl Induction)
technology. Previously Super Splendor was marketed as the
Quantum Core but it was not a great success. So the
company marketed the bikes in the name ASFS.
ATFT:
ATFT stands for "Advanced Tumble Flow Induction
Technology”.

Centrifugal pump

Centrifugal pump:-
Centrifugal pumps are a sub-class of dynamic
axisymmetric work-absorbing turbomachinery.
Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the
conversion of rotational kinetic energy to the
hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational
energy typically comes from an engine or electric motor.
The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the
rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing
radially outward into a diffuser or volute chamber
(casing), from where it exits.
Common uses include water, sewage, petroleum and
petrochemical pumping. The reverse function of the
centrifugal pump is a water turbine converting potential
energy of water pressure into mechanical rotational
energy.

CANTILEVER BEAM

CANTILEVER BEAM-
A cantilever is a beam anchored at only one end. The beam
carries the load to the support where it is resisted by
moment and shear stress.Cantilever construction allows for
overhanging structures without external bracing. Cantilevers
can also be constructed with trusses or slabs.
Cantilevers are widely found in construction, notably in
cantilever bridges and balconies. In cantilever bridges the
cantilevers are usually built as pairs, with each cantilever
used to support one end of a central section. The Forth
Bridge in Scotland is an example of a cantilever truss
bridge.

p-V Diagram for the Ideal Diesel cycle

p-V Diagram for the Ideal Diesel cycle. The cycle follows the
numbers 1-4 in clockwise direction. In the diesel cycle the
combustion occurs at almost constant pressure and the
exhaust occurs at constant volume. On this diagram the
work that is generated for each cycle corresponds to the
area within the loop.

Flywheel

Flywheel:-
A flywheel is a rotating mechanical device that is used to
store rotational energy. Flywheels have a significant moment
of inertia and thus resist changes in rotational speed.
Common uses of a flywheel include:
>Providing continuous energy when the energy source is
discontinuous.
>Delivering energy at rates beyond the ability of a
continuous energy source. This is achieved by collecting
energy in the flywheel over time and then releasing the
energy quickly, at rates that exceed the abilities of the
energy source.
>Controlling the orientation of a mechanical system. In such
applications, the angular momentum of a flywheel is
purposely transferred to a load when energy is transferred to
or from the flywheel. :-
A flywheel is a rotating mechanical device that is used to
store rotational energy. Flywheels have a significant moment
of inertia and thus resist changes in rotational speed.
Common uses of a flywheel include:
>Providing continuous energy when the energy source is
discontinuous.
>Delivering energy at rates beyond the ability of a
continuous energy source. This is achieved by collecting
energy in the flywheel over time and then releasing the
energy quickly, at rates that exceed the abilities of the
energy source.
>Controlling the orientation of a mechanical system. In such
applications, the angular momentum of a flywheel is
purposely transferred to a load when energy is transferred to
or from the flywheel.

Cooling of Turbine Blades:

Cooling of Turbine Blades:-
For same pressure ratio at high maximum temperature
thermal efficiency is high. But the high temperature can
lead to the damage of the turbine. So the cooling of
blade becomes essential.
Methods of Cooling :-
Cooling of components can be achieved by air or liquid
cooling. Liquid cooling seems to be more attractive
because of high specific heat capacity and chances of
evaporative cooling but there can be problem of leakage,
corrosion, choking,etc. which works against this method.
On the other hand air cooling allows to discharge air
into main flow without any problem. Quantity of air
required for this purpose is 1-3% of main flow and blade
temperature can be reduced by 200-300°C.

Bevel gears and its applications:

Bevel gears and its applications:-
Bevel gears are the gears where the axes of the two shafts
intersect and the tooth-bearing faces of the gears
themselves are conically shaped. Bevel gears are most often
mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can be
designed to work at other angles as well. The pitch surface
of bevel gears is a cone.
Applications:
1)Bevel gears are used in differential drives, which can
transmit power to two axles spinning at different speeds,
such as those on a cornering automobile.
2)Bevel gears are used as the main mechanism for a hand
drill. As the handle of the drill is turned in a vertical
direction, the bevel gears change the rotation of the chuck to
a horizontal rotation. The bevel gears in a hand drill have the
added advantage of increasing the speed of rotation of the
chuck and this makes it possible to drill a range of
materials.
3)The gears in a bevel gear planer permit minor adjustment
during assembly and allow for some displacement due to
deflection under operating loads without concentrating the
load on the end of the tooth.
4)Spiral bevel gears are important components on rotorcraft
drive systems. These components are required to operate at
high speeds, high loads, and for a large number of load
cycles. In this application, spiral bevel gears are used to
redirect the shaft from the horizontal gas turbine engine to
the vertical rotor.

Axial vector engine

Axial vector engine 12 cylinder concept 26500cc/1618ci in
SolidWorks
Cylinders =12 (6 both sides)
Bore Dia = 80mm
Stroke length = 110mm
Engine Type = Axial Vector Type 4 Stroke
Crank Mechanism = CAM Disk Mechanism
Engine Capacity = 26500cc/1618ci
A swashplate is rigidly fixed to the CAMDisk, and goes round
with it as a unit. Therefore the connecting rods are not fixed
to the plate in any way, but push on it with rollers or slipper
pads that can glide over the surface of the plate as it turns.
The main point of attraction is the use of CAM-Disk in place
of Crank shaft to provide reciprocation. Since the Engine is
double Reciprocatory with corresponding strokes at both
sides, there is no unbalancing of masses i.e. full balanced.
Battery Ignition System is used with a spark plug for each
cylinder. There are one inlet and one exhaust for each
cylinder. Fins thickness is not calculated but 5mm is more
than enough. Fuel Type used is Gasoline and the engine can
found application in Aerospace as well as Automotive. Engine
is mainly a torque converter type rather than speeder.

Direct injection

Direct injection:-
With direct injection, the fuel is injected directly into the
combustion chamber which is usually formed by a cavity in
the piston crown.
This cavity is carefully shaped to promote air swirl and the
direction of the injector nozzle ensures that rapid mixing of
the fuel and air assists complete combustion.
Advantages - It is claimed that direct injection gives higher
thermal efficiency with lower fuel consumption. This is
bought about by the fact that no heat is lost or power wasted
in pumping air through a restricted opening into the separate
chamber or in discharging the gases from the chamber. This
gives easier starting and generally this type of engine does
not require a starting aid device, such as glow plugs.
Disadvantages - This kind of injection is prone to “diesel
knock”.

Piston

PISTON-
A piston is a component of reciprocating engines,
reciprocating pumps, gas compressors and pneumatic
cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving
component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-
tight by piston rings. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer
force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft
via a piston rod and/or connecting rod. In a pump, the
function is reversed and force is transferred from the
crankshaft to the piston for the purpose of compressing or
ejecting the fluid in the cylinder. In some engines, the piston
also acts as a valve by covering and uncovering ports in the
cylinder wall.

Triple Spark Technology

What is Triple Spark Technology?
Along with the announcement of the new Pulsar 200NS,came
a new technology named Triple Spark technology. Which is
being used in the new bike. In simple words, the triple spark
technology is nothing but a engine with 3 spark plugs housed
in it.
To make use of 3 spark plugs, the pulsar engine houses a
pent roof combustion chamber which in turn allows to house
3 spark plugs in the engine chamber. Out of the three plugs,
the primary plug is the center one and is mounted in an
angle and enters the chamber at the top-center. The other
two secondary plugs are mounted below, each opposite each
other and one of them being vertically underneath the
primary plug.
The secondary plugs fires a bit after the primary one has
fired and the timings are controlled by the ECU depending on
various parameters like throttle position, engine revs,load on
engine and many other stuffs. According to Bajaj, these plugs
gain a advantage in low-rev riding condition where it
extracts the best economy.Compared to KTM Duke 200 in
similar conditions it gives as much as 10-13kmpl
more,however the difference vanishes at higher revs and
high speed.

Jet engine

A jet engine operates on the application of Sir Isaac
Newton's third law of physics.This is a picture of how
the air flows through a jet engine.
Jet engines move the airplane forward with a great force
that is produced by a tremendous thrust and causes the
plane to fly very fast.
All jet engines, which are also called gas turbines, work
on the same principle. The engine sucks air in at the
front with a fan. A compressor raises the pressure of the
air. The compressor is made up of fans with many
blades and attached to a shaft. The blades compress
the air. The compressed air is then sprayed with fuel and
an electric spark lights the mixture. The burning gases
expand and blast out through the nozzle, at the back of
the engine. As the jets of gas shoot backward, the
engine and the aircraft are thrust forward.

INJECTOR PRESSURE in heavy vehicles?

Q. What is an INJECTOR PRESSURE in heavy vehicles?
Why it is used?
A. Injector pressure i s the pressure at which the fuel can
be injected into the vehicle. In heavy vehicles, injector
pressure is 220 kg/cm square. It is used to set up the
standard fuel injection in the vehicles. With the help of
injector pressure we can calculate the amount of fuel
needed, through the following formula:
Est. Horsepower x B.S.F.C / No. of injectors x duty cycle
= lb/hr per injector
cc = lb/hr x 10.5

CARBURETOR

CARBURETOR
--------------------
The components of the carburetor consist
of: •Float chamber •Float valve •Jet nozzle •Venturi
•Throttle valve •Accelerator pedal •Choke •Fuel tank •Fuel
pump •Fuel Filter.
The carburetor is a device that vaporizes gasoline and
mixes it with air in the proper ratio for combustion in an
internal combustion engine. Normally the ratio of fuel to
air is about 1:15 by volume. That is one part fuel to
fifteen parts air. A higher ratio is called a rich mixture
and a lower ratio is called a leaner mixture.

NEW SPLIT-CYCLE ENGINE DESIGN TO IMPROVE FUEL ECONOMY BY 50 PERCENT

NEW SPLIT-CYCLE ENGINE DESIGN TO IMPROVE
FUEL ECONOMY BY 50 PERCENT :
Split cycle engines—engines that split the functions of
a normal four-cycle piston into two separate but
adjacent and complementary pistons—have never
been able to match the efficiency and overall function
of traditional internal combustion engines, but a new
design could change all that. By tweaking the
standard split-cycle design with new features like a
compressed air tank that captures wasted energy
from the system, the Scuderi Group claim not only to
have matched the efficiency of the standard four-
cycle engine, but to have far surpassed it.
The Scuderi Group’s design has drawn interest from
nine major carmakers, the company says, but has
yet to prove the technology in real world prototype
tests. But in computer simulations that install a
Scuderi engine in a 2004 Chevy Cavalier, the split-
cycle engine shows to reduce fuel consumption by 25
to 36 percent, translating roughly to a 50 percent
improvement in overall fuel economy. :
Split cycle engines—engines that split the functions of
a normal four-cycle piston into two separate but
adjacent and complementary pistons—have never
been able to match the efficiency and overall function
of traditional internal combustion engines, but a new
design could change all that. By tweaking the
standard split-cycle design with new features like a
compressed air tank that captures wasted energy
from the system, the Scuderi Group claim not only to
have matched the efficiency of the standard four-
cycle engine, but to have far surpassed it.
The Scuderi Group’s design has drawn interest from
nine major carmakers, the company says, but has
yet to prove the technology in real world prototype
tests. But in computer simulations that install a
Scuderi engine in a 2004 Chevy Cavalier, the split-
cycle engine shows to reduce fuel consumption by 25
to 36 percent, translating roughly to a 50 percent
improvement in overall fuel economy.

Regenerative Brake

Technically, you could generate energy by burning
brake pads, but automotive engineers have managed
to come up with a way to use brakes to generate
energy without going up in flames. The technology is
called regenerative braking. At the most basic level,
regenerative braking means re-capturing the kinetic
energy of the vehicle's motion and turning it into
another type of energy. Commonly, this is done by
converting kinetic energy into electricity and
recharging the car's battery with it.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A TURBO CHARGER AND A SUPER CHARGER

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A TURBO CHARGER AND A
SUPER CHARGER
Both turbochargers and superchargers are called
forced induction systems. They compress the air
flowing into the engine. The advantage of
compressing the air is that it lets the engine stuff
more air into a cylinder. More air means that more
fuel can be stuffed in, too, so you get more power
from each explosion in each cylinder. A turbo/
supercharged engine produces more power overall
than the same engine without the charging.
The typical boost provided by either a turbocharger or
a supercharger is 6 to 8 pounds per square inch (psi).
Since normal atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi at sea
level, you can see that you are getting about 50-
percent more air into the engine. Therefore, you
would expect to get 50-percent more power. It's not
perfectly efficient, though, so you might get a 30-
percent to 40-percent improvement instead.
The key difference between a turbocharger and a
supercharger is its power supply. Something has to
supply the power to run the air compressor. In a
supercharger, there is a belt that connects directly to
the engine. It gets its power the same way that the
water pump or alternator does. A turbocharger, on the
other hand, gets its power from the exhaust stream.
The exhaust runs through a turbine, which in turn
spins the compressor.

Biomimicry

Biomimicry Creates New Tires-
Biomimicry is the science that imitates nature to
create new products.
Resilient Technologies, a Wisconsin based company,
has created a tire that can't go flat.
Instead of using a pressurized aircavity, the tire
design relies on a geometric pattern of six-sided
cells that are arranged in a matrixlike a honeycomb.
It has the same ride, reduced noise levels and heat
generation as pressurized tires. The goal wasto
create an airless tire with uniform flexibility and load
transfer that would endure tremendous wear and tear
and still perform well.
The best design was found in nature, which was the
honeycomb.

2 & 4 Stroke engine Difference

2 & 4 Stroke engine Difference:
In case of two stroke engine, rotation of crank shaft
will be power stroke for every one rotation. During
compression stroke, fuel will flow towards the crank
case(suction) and during power stroke, exhaust will
emit the burnt fuel through the transfer ports.