Classifications of FluidTypes of Fluids, Fluids,

Source: Uzochukwu Mike
What are types of Fluids?
Of what types/classifications are fluids in science and engineering study? What do you think is the definition of fluid? Fluids can be defined as substances that flow or deform under the application of shear stress, and these include liquids and gases. They are part of engineering study in many tertiary institutions of the world.
Basically, in the study of science, fluids are divided into two broad groups. These divisions in this write-up are known as types of fluids which are Newtonian and non- Newtonian fluids. Newtonian
fluids are those fluids that obey Newton Law of viscosity. Non-Newtonian fluids are the opposite of
Newtonian fluid in the sense that they do not obey Newton Law of viscosity. Non Newtonian fluids in this text are sub-divided into time-independent, time-dependent and elasticoviscous or viscoelastic
fluids.
Newtonian Fluids
What are Newtonian fluids. Newtonian fluids as written in the introductory part of this text are those fluids that concur (agree) with the Newton Law of viscosity. Viscosity is the opposition to the flow of fluids and it is measured in force per unit area of the fluid. The generally accepted unit of viscosity is Newton per meter square (NM -2 ). This is known as the SI unit of viscosity which is the same with that of stress.
Mathematically, viscosity is expressed as Force per unit area or simply F ̸̸ A. Newton law of viscosity
states that the shear stress on a fluid element layer is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain. In Newtonian fluids, coefficient of viscosity does not change with the rate of deformation of the fluid.
Examples of Newtonian fluids are: water, kerosene and air.It is shown mathematically as: τ = ηγ; where τ = shear stress, η and γ are coefficient of viscosity and share strain respectively.
Non- Newtonian Fluids
What are Non-Newtonian fluids and their classifications?
Non-Newtonian fluids are those fluids that do not obey Newton’s Law. They are the opposite of Newtonian fluids. Examples of non-Newtonian fluids are colloids, emulsions, pastes, sols, gels, thick
slurry, latex-based paints, and Biological fluids. Note that non-Newtonian fluids are many but these are few examples given. Non-Newtonian fluids do not exhibit the property of Newtonian fluids where
shear stress is directly proportional to shear rate.
There are three broad classifications of non- Newtonian fluids. These three classifications are: time-independent, time-dependent and viscoelastic fluids. The viscoelastic fluids can also be called
elasticoviscous fluids. One should not be confused because some textbooks relating to fluids may only one of these two names. Notwithstanding the three broad classifications of non-Newtonian fluids, there are also some other divisions of the three.
Time-Independent Fluids
As the name sounds, time-independent fluids are those non-Newtonian fluids that do not depend on time. They are those fluids in which the shear rate at a given point is a function of stress at that point
only. Examples of time-independent fluids are Casson, Bingham, Dilatent and Pseudoplastic fluid.
The Bingham fluid as an exampleof time-independent fluid does not flow at all until the shear stress exceeds certain critical value called yield stress. In this fluid, the flow behaviors appear like that of Newtonian once the system begins to flow. There is an internal structure in this type of fluid which breaks down before flow of the fluid can start. Notable examples of Bingham fluids are tomato puree, wood pulp suspensions, butter, drilling mud and toothpaste. When equation is used to represent Bingham fluid, it is represented as: τ = τ y + ƞγ , where τ y is yield stress.
Casson fluids also require a critical shear stress to overcome before flow can occur in the system. The
type of flow in this type of time-independent fluid is non-Newtonian, non-linear and parabolic in shape.
Casson and Bingham fluids are called plastic fluids.
Dilatent and Pseudoplastic fluids exhibit different characters on their own. Dilatent fluid is also called
shear thickening fluid. Dilatant fluid becomes more viscous as the shear stress increases. The shear stress increases much more rapidly than the shear rate in this kind of fluid. Examples of dilatent fluids are slurry and highly concentrated suspensions, like, Poly Vinyl Chloride. Pseudoplastic fluid is opposite to Dilatent fluid because the share rate increases much more rapidly than the shear stress.
It is known as shear thinning fluid. As the shear stress increases, pseudoplastic fluid becomes less viscous.
Time-Dependent Fluids
Time-dependent fluids are fluids whose shear rate is a function of shear stress and time. In this type of non-Newtonian fluid, the property of the fluid flow such as apparent viscosity changes with time. It is further classified into thixotropic and rheopectic fluid. In relation of thixotropic with rheopectic fluids, if the shear stress and shear strain relationship are observed with increasing shear rate, both sets of data do not coincide. This results to formation of hysteresis loop. In thixotropic and rheopectic fluids, at a given shear rate; there are two apparent viscosities depending on when the readings were
taken. The difference between the two is that thixotropic fluid becomes less viscous on application of stress while rheopectic fluid becomes more viscous on application of stress.
Elasticoviscous Fluids
Fluids that are predominantly viscous but show partial elastic recovery after deformation are termed elasticoviscous fluids. Examples of such fluids are multi-grade oils, polymer melts and liquid detergents. The term viscoelastic fluid is also used in place of elasticoviscous fluids as the former denotes solids with viscous properties while the later (elasticoviscous) denotes fluids that possess elastic property.
Conclusion
In summary, this write-up has dealt seriously on types of fluids based on science and engineering study. Fluids cannot be done without in our everyday life and this is one of the reasons that makes scientists to show more interesting in categorizing them and for more in-depth study of their flow. One of the basic types of food which people neglect is fluid. Do you know what that important fluid is? It is no other thing but the water we drink on our daily basis and I do not think you can do without it. Gasoline is another basic fluid used in automobiles and this is of great help to man. We cannot be able to power or motors on without this energy supplier. So, respect is to be given to fluids as they contribute to both technological and human development. Fluids were categorized broadly as Newtonian and Newtonian fluids. The non-Newtonian fluids were further divided into other classes and explained in sub-headings.
References
Fluid Mechanics by R.K Rajput;
Introduction to Polymer Technology by Dr. E. M. Katchy.

Bernoulli’s Principle and Equation

During 17^th century, Daniel Bernoulli investigated the forces present in a moving fluid, derived an equation and named it as an Bernoulli’s Equation. Below image shows one of many forms of Bernoulli’s equation.
The Bernoulli equation gives an approximate equation that is valid only in inviscid regions of flow where net viscous forces are negligibly small compared to inertial, gravitational or pressure forces. Such regions occur outside of boundary layers and waves

The Bernoulli Equation can be considered to be a statement of the conservation of energy principle appropriate for flowing fluids. The qualitative behavior that is usually labeled with the term "Bernoulli effect" is the lowering of fluid pressure in regions where the flow velocity is increased. This lowering of pressure in a constriction of a flow path may seem counterintuitive, but seems less so when you consider pressure to be energy density. In the high velocity flow through the constriction, kinetic energy must increase at the expense of pressure energy.

Steady-state flow caveat: While the Bernoulli equation is stated in terms of universally valid ideas like conservation of energy and the ideas of pressure, kinetic energy and potential energy, its application in the above form is limited to cases of steady flow. For flow through a tube, such flow can be visualized as laminar flow, which is still an idealization, but if the flow is to a good approximation laminar, then the kinetic energy of flow at any point of the fluid can be modeled and calculated. The kinetic energy per unit volume term in the equation is the one which requires strict constraints for the Bernoulli equation to apply - it basically is the assumption that all the kinetic energy of the fluid is contributing directly to the forward flow process of the fluid. That should make it evident that the existence of turbulence or any chaotic fluid motion would involve some kinetic energy which is not contributing to the advancement of the fluid through the tube.
It should also be said that while conservation of energy always applies, this form of parsing out that energy certainly does not describe how that energy is distributed under transient conditions. A good visualization of the Bernoulli effect is the flow through a constriction, but that neat picture does not describe the fluid when you first turn on the flow.
Another approximation involved in the statement of the Bernoulli equation above is the neglect of losses from fluid friction. Idealized laminar flow through a pipe can be modeled by Poiseuille's law, which does include viscous losses resulting in a lowering of the pressure as you progress along the pipe. The statement of the Bernoulli equation above would lead to the expectation that the pressure would return to the value P₁ past the constriction since the radius returns to its original value. This is not the case because of the loss of some energy from the active flow process by friction into disordered molecular motion (thermal energy). More accurate modeling can be done by combining the Bernoulli equation with Poiseuille's law. A real example which might help visualize the process is the pressure monitoring of the flow through a constricted tube.
   

Despite its simplicity, Bernoulli’s Principle has proven to be a very powerful tool in fluid mechanics.
Care must be taken when applying the Bernoulli equation since it is an approximation that applies only to inviscid regions of flow. In general, frictional effects are always important very close to solid walls and directly downstream of bodies.
The motion of a particle and the path it follows are described by the velocity vector as a function of time and space coordinates and the initial position of the particle. When the flow is steady, all particles that pass through the same point follow the same path and the velocity vectors remain tangent to the path at every point.

 

 

 

 

 

During 17^th century, Daniel Bernoulli investigated the forces present in a moving fluid, derived an equation and named it as an Bernoulli’s Equation. Below image shows one of many forms of Bernoulli’s equation.

 

 

The Bernoulli equation gives an approximate equation that is valid only in inviscid regions of flow where net viscous forces are negligibly small compared to inertial, gravitational or pressure forces. Such regions occur outside of boundary layers and waves - See more at: http://www.me-mechanicalengineering.com/bernoullis-principle-and-equation/#sthash.2lIUkDNX.dpuf

Properties of Fluids

Understanding the properties of fluids is essential to analyse their behavior in working conditions. In this post I have written the fluid properties namely mass density, specific weight, specific volume, specific gravity, viscosity, vapor pressure, compressibility and surface tension.

Mass Density:
Mass Density (ρ ) is the property of a fluid is the mass per unit volume.

Specific Weight:
Specific Weight (w) of a fluid is the weight per unit volume.

Specific Volume:
Specific Volume (v) of a fluid is the volume of the fluid per unit mass.

Specific Gravity or Relative Density:
Specific Gravity (s) of a fluid is the ratio of the mass density of a fluid to the mass density of a standard fluid.

Viscosity:
Viscosity is property by virtue of which it offers resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over the adjacent layer.

Vapor Pressure:
When a liquid is confined in a closed vessel, the ejected vapor molecules accumulated in the space between free liquid pressure and top of the vessel exert a partial pressure on the liquid surface. This pressure in liquid is known as vapor pressure.

Compressibility:
The normal compressive stress of any fluid element at rest is known as hydro static pressure which arises as a result of innumerable molecular collisions in the entire fluid. The degree of compressibility of a substance is characterized by bulk modulus of elasticity (K) .

Surface Tension:
Surface is a measure of fluid tendency to take a spherical shape, caused by mutual attraction of the liquid molecules.

Fluid Mechanics - Mechanical Engineering Multiple choice Questions and Answers

Fluid Mechanics -
Mechanical Engineering Multiple
choice Questions and Answers

1. Fluid is a substance that
(a) cannot be subjected to shear forces
(b) always expands until it fills any container
(c) has the same shear stress.at a point regardless
of its motion
(d) cannot remain at rest under action of any shear
force
(e) flows.
Ans: d
2. Fluid is a substance which offers no resistance to
change of
(a) pressure
(b) flow
(c) shape
(d) volume
(e) temperature.
Ans: c
3. Practical fluids
(a) are viscous
(b) possess surface tension
(c) are compressible
(d) possess all the above properties
(e) possess none of the above properties.
Ans: d
4. In a static fluid
(a) resistance to shear stress is small
(b) fluid pressure is zero
(c) linear deformation is small
(d) only normal stresses can exist
(e) viscosity is nil.
Ans: d
5. A fluid is said to be ideal, if it is
(a) incompressible
(b) inviscous
(c) viscous and incompressible
(d) inviscous and compressible
(e) inviscous and incompressible.
Ans: e
6. An ideal flow of any fluid must fulfill the
following
(a) Newton's law of motion
(b) Newton's law of viscosity
(c) Pascal' law
(d) Continuity equation
(e) Boundary layer theory.
Ans: d
7. If no resistance is encountered by displacement,
such a substance is known as
(a) fluid
(b) water
(c) gas
(d) perfect solid
(e) ideal fluid.
Ans: e
8. The volumetric change of the fluid caused by a
resistance is known as
(a) volumetric strain
(b) volumetric index
(c) compressibility
(d) adhesion
(e) cohesion.
Ans: c
9. Liquids
(a) cannot be compressed
(b) occupy definite volume
(c) are not affected by change in pressure and
temperature
(d) are not viscous
(e) none of the above.
Ans: e
10. Density of water is maximum at
(a) 0°C
(b) 0°K
(c) 4°C
(d) 100°C
(e) 20°C.
Ans: c
11. The value of mass density in kgsecVm4 for
water at 0°C is
(a) 1
(b) 1000
(c) 100
(d) 101.9
(e) 91
Ans: d
12. Property of a fluid by which its own molecules
are attracted is called
(a) adhesion
(b) cohesion
(c) viscosity
(d) compressibility
(e) surface tension.
Ans: b
13. Mercury does not wet glass. This is due to
property of liquid known as
(a) adhesion
(b) cohesion
(c) surface tension
(d) viscosity
(e) compressibility.
Ans: c
14. The property of a fluid which enables it to resist
tensile stress is known as
(a) compressibility
(b) surface tension
(c) cohesion
(d) adhesion
(e) viscosity.
Ans: c
15. Property of a fluid by which molecules of
different kinds of fluids are attracted to each other
is called
(a) adhesion
(b) cohesion
(c) viscosity
(d) compressibility
(e) surface tension.
Ans: a
16. The specific weight of water is 1000 kg/m"
(a) at normal pressure of 760 mm
(b) at 4°C temperature
(c) at mean sea level
(d) all the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d
17. Specific weight of water in S.I. units is equal to
(a) 1000 N/m3
(b) 10000 N/m3
(c) 9.81 xlO3 N/m3
(d) 9.81 xlO6N/m3
(e) 9.81 N/m3.
Ans: c
18. When the flow parameters at any given instant
remain same at every point, then flow is said to be
(a) quasi static
(b) steady state
(c) laminar
(d) uniform
(e) static.
Ans: d
19. Which of the following is demensionless
(a) specific weight
(b) specific volume
(c) specific speed
(d) specific gravity
(e) specific viscosity.
Ans: d
20. The normal stress in a fluid will be constant in
all directions at a point only if
(a) it is incompressible
(b) it has uniform viscosity
(c) it has zero viscosity
(d) it is frictionless
(e) it is at rest.
Ans: e
21. The pressure at a point in a fluid will not be
same in all the directions when the fluid is
(a) moving
(b) viscous
(c) viscous and static
(d) inviscous and moving
(e) viscous and moving.
Ans: e
22. An object having 10 kg mass weighs 9.81kg on
a spring balance. The value of 'g' at this place is
(a) 10m/sec2
(b) 9.81 m/sec2
(c) 10.2/m sec
(d) 9.75 m/sec2
(e) 9 m/sec .
Ans: a
23. The tendency of a liquid surface to contract is
due to the following property
(a) cohesion
(b) adhesion
(c) viscosity
(d) surface tension
(e) elasticity.
Ans: d
24. The surface tension of mercury at normal
temperature compared to that of water is
(a) more
(b) less
(c) same
(d) more or less depending on size of glass tube
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a
25. A perfect gas
(a) has constant viscosity
(b) has zero viscosity
(c) is in compressible
(d) is of theoretical interest
(e) none of the above.
Ans: e
26. For very great pressures, viscosity of moss
gases and liquids
(a) remains same
(b) increases
(c) decreases
(d) shows erratic behavior
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d
27. A fluid in equilibrium can't sustain
(a) tensile stress
(b) compressive stress
(c) shear stress
(d) bending stress
(e) all of the above.
Ans: c
28. Viscosity of water in comparison to mercury is
(a) higher
(b) lower
(c) same
(d) higher/lower depending on temperature
(e) unpredictable.
Ans: a
29. The bulk modulus of elasticity with increase in
pressure
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) remains constant
(d) increases first up to certain limit and then
decreases
(e) unpredictable.
Ans: a
30. The bulk modulus of elasticity
(a) has the dimensions of 1/pressure
(b) increases with pressure
(c) is large when fluid is more compressible
(d) is independent of pressure and viscosity
(e) is directly proportional to flow.
Ans: b
31. A balloon lifting in air follows the following
principle
(a) law of gravitation
(b) Archimedes principle
(c) principle of buoyancy
(d) all of the above
(e) continuity equation.
Ans: d
32. The value of the coefficient of compressibility for
water at ordinary pressure and temperature in kg/
cm is equal to
(a) 1000
(b) 2100
(c) 2700
(d) 10,000
(e) 21,000.
Ans: e
33. The increase of temperature results in
(a) increase in viscosity of gas
(b) increase in viscosity of liquid
(c) decrease in viscosity of gas
(d) decrease in viscosity of liquid
(e) (a) and (d) above.
Ans: d
34. Surface tension has the units of
(a) newtons/m
(b) newtons/m
(c) new tons/m
(d) newtons
(e) newton m.
Ans: c
35. Surface tension
(a) acts in the plane of the interface normal to any
line in the surface
(b) is also known as capillarity
(c) is a function of the curvature of the interface
(d) decreases with fall in temperature
(e) has no units.
Ans: a
36. The stress-strain relation of the newtoneon fluid
is
(a) linear
(b) parabolic
(c) hyperbolic
(d) inverse type
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a
37. A liquid compressed in cylinder has a volume of
0.04 m3 at 50 kg/cm2 and a volume of 0.039 m3 at
150 kg/cm2. The bulk modulus of elasticity of liquid
is
(a) 400 kg/cm2
(b) 4000 kg/cm2
(c) 40 x 105 kg/cm2
(d) 40 x 106 kg/cm2
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b
38. The units of viscosity are
(a) metres2 per sec
(b) kg sec/metre
(c) newton-sec per metre2
(d) newton-sec per meter
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b
39. Kinematic viscosity is dependent upon
(a) pressure
(b) distance
(c) level
(d) flow
(e) density.
Ans: e
40. Units of surface tension are
(a) energy/unit area
(b) distance
(c) both of the above
(d) it has no units
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c
41. Which of the following meters is not associated
with viscosity
(a) Red wood
(b) Say bolt
(c) Engler
(d) Orsat
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d
42. Choose the correct relationship
(a) specific gravity = gravity x density
(b) dynamicviscosity = kinematicviscosity x density
(c) gravity = specific gravity x density
(d) kinematicviscosity = dynamicviscosity x density
(e) hydrostaticforce = surface tension x gravity.
Ans: b
43. Dimensions of surface tension are
(a) MlL°T2
(b) MlL°Tx
(c) MlL r2
(d) MlL2T2
(e) MlL°t.
Ans: a
44. For manometer, a better liquid combination is
one having
(a) higher surface tension
(b) lower surface tension
(c) surface tension is no criterion
(d) high density and viscosity
(e) low density and viscosity.
Ans: a
45. If mercury in a barometer is replaced by water,
the height of 3.75 cm of mercury will be following
cm of water
(a) 51 cm
(b) 50 cm
(c) 52 cm
(d) 52.2 cm
(e) 51.7 cm.
Ans: a
46. Choose the wrong statement.
Alcohol is used in manometer, because
(a) its vapour pressure is low
(b) it provides suitable meniscus for the inclined
tube
(c) its density is less
(d) it provides longer length for a given pressure
difference
(e) it provides accurate readings.
Ans: a
47. Increase in pressure at the outer edge of a
drum of radius R due to rotation at corad/sec, full of
liquid of density p will be
(a) pco2/?2
(b) pco2/?2/2
(c) 2pa2R2
(d) pa2R/2
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b
48. The property of fluid by virtue of which it offers
resistance to shear is called
(a) surface tension
(b) adhesion
(c) cohesion
(d) viscosity
(e) all of the above.
Ans: d
49. Choose the wrong statement
(a) fluids are capable of flowing
(b) fluids conform to the shape of the containing
vessels
(c) when in equilibrium, fluids cannot sustain
tangential forces
(d) when in equilibrium, fluids can sustain shear
forces
(e) fluids have some degree of comprehensibility
and offer little resistance to form.
Ans: d
50. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 at
(a) 0°C
(b) 0°K
(c) 4°C (d) 20°C
(e) all temperature.
Ans: c
51. If w is the specific weight of liquid and k the
depth of any point from the surface, then pressure
intensity at that point will be
(a) h
(b) wh
(c) w/h
(d) h/w
(e) h/wh.
Ans: b
52. Choose the wrong statement
(a) Viscosity of a fluid is that property which
determines the amount of its resistance to a
shearing force
(b) Viscosity is due primarily to interaction between
fluid molecules
(c) Viscosity of liquids decreases with in-crease in
temperature
(d) Viscosity of liquids is appreciably affected by
change in pressure
(e) Viscosity is expressed as poise, stoke, or
saybolt seconds.
Ans: d
53. The units of kinematic viscosity are
(a) metres2 per sec
(b) kg sec/metre
(c) newton-sec per metre
(d) newton-sec per metre
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a
54.  The ratio of absolute viscosity to mass density
is known as
(a) specific viscosity
(b) viscosity index
(c) kinematic viscosity
(d) coefficient of viscosity
(e) coefficient of compressibility.
Ans: c
55. Kinematic viscosity is equal to
(a) dynamic viscosity/density
(b) dynamicviscosity x density
(c) density/dynamic viscosity
(d) 1/dynamicviscosity x density
(e) same as dynamic viscosity.
Ans: a
56. Which of the following is the unit of kinematic
viscosity
(a) pascal
(b) poise
(c) stoke
(d) faraday
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c
57. A one dimensional flow is one which
(a) is uniform flow
(b) is steady uniform flow
(c) takes place in straight lines
(d) involves zero transverse component of flow
(e) takes place in one dimension.
Ans: d
58.  Alcohol is used in manometers because
(a) it has low vapour pressure
(b) it is clearly visible
(c) it has low surface tension
(d) it can provide longer column due to low density
(e) is provides suitable meniscus.
Ans:  d
59. A pressure of 25 m of head of water is equal to
(a) 25 kN/m2
(b) 245 kN/m2
(c) 2500 kN/m2
(d) 2.5kN/m2
(e) 12.5 kN/m2.
Ans: b
60. Specific weight of sea water is more that of pure
water because it contains
(a) dissolved air
(b) dissolved salt
(c) suspended matter
(d) all of the above
(e) heavy water.
Ans: d
61. If 850 kg liquid occupies volume of one cubic
meter, men 0.85 represents its
(a) specific weight
(b) specific mass
(c) specific gravity
(d) specific density
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c
62. Free surface of a liquid tends to contract to the
smallest possible area due to force of
(a) surface tension
(b) viscosity
(c) friction
(d) cohesion
(e) adhesion.
Ans: a
63. A bucket of water is hanging from a spring
balance. An iron piece is suspended into water
without touching sides of bucket from another
support. The spring balance reading will
(a) increase
(b) decrease
(c) remain same
(d) increase/decrease depending on depth of
immersion
(e) unpredictable.
Ans: c
64. Falling drops of water become spheres due to
the property of
(a) adhesion
(b) cohesion
(c) surface tension
(d) viscosity
(e) compressibility.
Ans: c
65. A liquid would wet the solid, if adhesion forces
as compared to cohesion forces are
(a) less
(b) more
(c) equal
(d) less at low temperature and more at high
temperature
(e) there is no such criterion.
Ans: b
66. If cohesion between molecules of a fluid is
greater than adhesion between fluid and glass, then
the free level of fluid in a dipped glass tube will be
(a) higher than the surface of liquid
(b) the same as the surface of liquid
(c) lower than the surface of liquid
(d) unpredictable
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c
67. The point in the immersed body through which
the resultant pressure of the liquid may be taken to
act is known as
(a) meta center
(b) center of pressure
(c) center of buoyancy
(d) center of gravity
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b
68. The total pressure on the surface of a vertical
sluice gate 2 m x 1 m with its top 2 m surface being
0.5 m below the water level will be
(a) 500 kg
(b) 1000 kg
(c) 1500 kg
(d) 2000 kg
(e) 4000 kg.
Ans: d
69. The resultant upward pressure of a fluid on a
floating body is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the body. This definition is according to
(a) Buoyancy
(b) Equilibrium of a floating body
(c) Archimedes' principle
(d) Bernoulli's theorem
(e) Metacentric principle.
Ans: c
70. The resultant upward pressure of the fluid on an
immersed body is called
(a) upthrust
(b) buoyancy
(c) center of pressure
(d) all the above are correct
(e) none of above is correct.
Ans: b
71. The conditions for the stable equilibrium of a
floating body are
(a) the meta-center should lie above the center of
gravity
(b) the center of buoyancy and the center of gravity
must lie on the same vertical line
(c) a righting couple should be formed
(d) all the above are correct
(e) none of the above is correct.
Ans: d
72. Poise is the unit of
(a) surface tension
(b) capillarity
(c) viscosity
(d) shear stress in fluids
(e) buoyancy.
Ans: c
73. Metacentric height is given as the distance
between
(a) the center of gravity of the body and the meta
center
(b) the center of gravity of the body and the center
of buoyancy
(c) the center of gravity of the body and the center
of pressure
(d) center of buoyancy and metacentre
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a
74. The buoyancy depends on
(a) mass of liquid displaced
(b) viscosity of the liquid
(c) pressure of the liquid displaced
(d) depth of immersion
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a
75. The center of gravity of the volume of the liquid
displaced by an immersed body is called
(a) meta-center
(b) center of pressure
(c) center of buoyancy
(d) center of gravity
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c
76. A piece of metal of specific gravity 13.6 is
placed in mercury of specific gravity 13.6, what
fraction of it volume is under mercury?
(a) the metal piece will simply float over the
mercury
(b) the metal piece will be immersed in mercury by
half
(c) whole of the metal piece will be immersed with
its top surface just at mercury level
(d) metal piece will sink to the bottom
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c
77. The angle of contact in case of a liquid depends
upon
(a) the nature of the liquid and the solid
(b) the material which exists above the free surface
of the liquid
(c) both of die above
(d) any one of the above
(e) none of die above.
Ans: c
78. Free surface of a liquid behaves like a sheet and
tends to contract to smallest possible area due to
the
(a) force of adhesion
(b) force of cohesion
(c) force of friction
(d) force of diffusion
(e) none of die above.
Ans: b
79.  Rain drops are spherical because of
(a) viscosity
(b) air resistance
(c) surface tension forces
(d) atmospheric pressure
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c
80.  Surface energy per unit area of a surface is
numerically equal to ..
(a) atmospheric pressure
(b) surface tension
(c) force of adhesion
(d) force of cohesion
(e) viscosity.
Ans: b
81. The capillary rise at 20°C in a clean glass tube
of 1 mm bore containing water is approximately
(a) 1 mm
(b) 5 mm
(c) 10 mm
(d) 20 mm
(e) 30 mm.
Ans: e
82.  The difference of pressure between the inside
and outside of a liquid drop is
(a)p = Txr
(b)p = T/r
(c) p = T/2r
(d)p = 2T/r
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d
83.  If the surface of liquid is convex, men
(a) cohesion pressure is negligible
(b) cohesion pressure is decreased
(c) cohesion pressure is increased
(d) there is no cohesion pressure
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c
84. To avoid vaporisation in the pipe line, the pipe
line over the ridge is laid such that it is not more
than
(a) 2.4 m above the hydraulic gradient
(b) 6.4 m above the hydraulic gradient
(c) 10.0 m above the hydraulic gradient
(d) 5.0 above the hydraulic gradient
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b
85. To avoid an interruption in the flow of a syphon,
an air vessel is provided
(a) at the inlet
(b) at the outlet
(c) at the summit
(d) ay nay point between inlet and outlet
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c
86. The vapour pressure over the concave surface
is
(a) less man the vapour pressure over the plane
surface
(b) equal to the vapour pressure over the plane
surface
(c) greater than the vapour pressure over the plane
surface
(d) zero
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a
87. The property by virtue of which a liquid opposes
relative motion between its different layers is called
(a) surface tension
(b) co-efficient of viscosity
(c) viscosity
(d) osmosis
(e) cohesion.
Ans: c
88. The process of diffusion of one liquid into the
other through a semi-permeable membrane is
called
(a) viscosity
(b) osmosis
(c) surface tension
(d) cohesion
(e) diffusivity.
Ans: b
89. The units of dynamic or absolute viscosity are
(a) metres2 per sec
(b) kg sec/meter
(c) newton-sec per meter
(d) newton-sec2 per meter
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c
90. The continuity equation is connected with
(a) viscous/unviscous fluids
(b) compressibility of fluids
(c) conservation of mass
(d) steady/unsteady flow
(e) open channel/pipe flow.
Ans: c
91. The rise or depression of liquid in a tube due to
surface tensionwim increase in size of tube will
(a) increase
(b) remain unaffected
(c) may increase or decrease depending on the
characteristics of liquid
(d) decrease
(e) unpredictable.
Ans: d
92. Liquids transmit pressure equally in all the
directions. This is according to
(a) Boyle's law
(b) Archimedes principle
(c) Pascal's law
(d) Newton's formula
(e) Chezy's equation.
Ans: c
93. Capillary action is due to the
(a) surface tension
(b) cohesion of the liquid
(c) adhesion of the liquid molecules and the
molecules on the surface of a solid
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d
94. Newton's law of viscosity is a relationship
between
(a) shear stress anctthejiate of angular distortion
(b) shear stress and viscosity
(c) shear stress, velocity and viscosity
(d) pressure, velocity and viscosity
(e) shear stress, pressure and rate of angular
distortion.
Ans: a
95. The atmospheric pressure with rise in altitude
decreases
(a) linearly
(b) first slowly and then steeply
(c) first steeply and then gradually
(d) unpredictable
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b
96. Pressure of the order of 10"' torr can be
measured by
(a) Bourdon tube
(b) Pirani Gauge
(c) micro-manometer
(d) ionisastion gauge
(e) McLeod gauge.
Ans: d
97. Operation of McLeod gauge used for low
pressure measurement is based on the principle of
(a) gas law
(b) Boyle's law
(c) Charle's law
(d) Pascal's law
(e) McLeod's law.
Ans: b
98. An odd shaped body weighing 7.5 kg and
occupying 0.01 m3 volume will be completely
submerged in a fluid having specific gravity of
(a) 1
(b) 1.2
(c) 0.8
(d) 0.75
(e) 1.25.
Ans: d
99. In an isothermal atmosphere, the pressure
(a) decreases linearly with elevation
(b) remains constant
(c) varies in the same way as the density
(d) increases exponentially with elevation
(e) unpredictable.
Ans: c
100. Mercury is often used in barometer because
(a) it is the best liquid
(b) the height of barometer will be less
(c) its vapour pressure is so low that it may be
neglected
(d) both (b) and (c)
(e) it moves easily.
Ans: d
101. Barometer is used to measure
(a) pressure in pipes, channels etc.
(b) atmospheric pressure
(c) very low pressure
(d) difference of pressure between two points
(e) rain level.
Ans: b
102. Which of the following instrument can be used
for measuring speed of a submarine moving in deep
sea
(a) Venturimeter
(b) Orifice plate
(c) hot wire anemometer
(d) rotameter
(e) pitot tube.
Ans: e
103. Which of the following instrument can be used
for measuring speed of an aeroplane
(a) Venturimeter
(b) Orifice plate
(c) hot wire anemometer
(d) rotameter
(e) pitot tube.
Ans: e
104. Piezometer is used to measure
(a) pressure in pipe, channels etc.
(b) atmospheric pressure
(c) very low pressures
(d) difference of pressure between two points
(e) flow.
Ans: c
105. Which of the following instruments is used to
measure flow on the application of Bernoulli's
theorem
(a) Venturimeter
(b) Orifice plate
(c) nozzle
(d) pitot tube
(e) all of the above.
Ans: e
106. The speed of sound in a ideal gas varies
directly as its
(a) pressure
(b) temperature
(c) density
(d) modulus of elasticity
(e) absolute temperature,
Ans: e
107. Dynamic viscosity of most of the liquids with
rise in temperature
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(a) remains unaffected
(d) unpredictable
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b
108. Dynamic viscosity of most of the gases with
rise in temperature
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) remains unaffected
(d) unpredictable
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a
109. A metal with specific gravity of o floating in a
fluid of same specific gravity a will
(a) sink to bottom
(b) float over fluid
(c) partly immersed
(d) be fully immersed with top surface at fluid
surface
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d
110. Euler's dimensionless number relates the
following
(a) inertial force and gravity
(b) viscous force and inertial force
(c) viscous force and buoyancy force
(d) pressure force and inertial force
(e) pressure force and viscous force.
Ans: d
111. Manometer is used to measure
(a) pressure in pipes, channels etc.
(b) atmospheric pressure
(c) very low pressure
(d) difference of pressure between two points
(e) velocity.
Ans: a
112. Which of the following manometer has highest
sensitivity
(a) U-tube with water
(b) inclined U-tube
(c) U-tube with mercury
(d) micro-manometer with water
(e) displacement type.
Ans: d
113. In order to increase sensitivity of U-tube
manometer, one leg is usually inclined by angle 9.
Sensitivity of inclined tube to sensitivity of U-tube is
equal to
(a) sin 9
(b) sin 9
(c) cas 9
(d) cos 9
(e) tan 9.
Ans: b
114. Working principle of dead weight pressure
gauge tester is based on
(a) Pascal's law
(b) Dalton's law of partial pressure
(c) Newton's law of viscosity .
(d) Avogadro's hypothesis
(e) Second law of thermodynamic.
Ans: a
115. The resultant of all normal pressures acts
(a) at e.g. of body
(b) at center of pressure
(c) vertically upwards
(d) at metacentre
(e) vertically downwards.
Ans: c
116. Center of pressure compared to e.g. is
(a) above it
(b) below it.
(c) at same point
(d) above or below depending on area of body
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b
117. Metacentric height is the distance between the
metacentre and
(a) water surface
(b) center of pressure
(c) center of gravity
(d) center of buoyancy
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c
118. The resultant upward pressure of the fluid on
an immersed body due to its tendency to uplift the
sub-merged body is called
(a) upthrust
(b) reaction
(c) buoyancy
(d) metacentre
(e) center of pressure.
Ans: c
119. The center of pressure of a surface subjected
to fluid pressure is the point
(a) on the surface at which resultant pres-sure acts
(b) on the surface at which gravitational force acis
(c) at which all hydraulic forces meet
(d) similar to metacentre
(e) where pressure equivalent to hydraulic thrust
will act.
Ans: a
120. Buoyant force is
(a) the resultant force acting on a floating body
(b) the resultant force on a body due to the fluid
surrounding it
(c) equal to  the volume of liquid dis-placed
(d) the force necessary to maintain equilibrium of a
submerged body
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b
121. The horizontal component of buoyant force is
(a) negligible
(b) same as buoyant force
(c) zero
Ans: c
122.  The line of action of the buoyant force acts
through the
(a) centroid of the volume of fluid vertically above
the body
(b) centre of the volume of floating body
(c) center of gravity of any submerged body
(d) centriod of the displaced volume of fluid
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d
123. Center of buoyancy is the
(a) centroid of the displaced volume of fluid
(b) center of pressure of displaced volume
(c) e.g. of floating 'body
(d) does not exist
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a
124. A body floats in stable equilibrium
(a) when its meatcentric height is zero
(b) when the metancentre is above e.g.
(c) when its e.g. is below it's center of buoyancy
(d) metacentre has nothing to do with position of
e.g. for determining stability
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b
125. A piece weighing 3 kg in air was found to
weigh 2.5 kg when submerged in water. Its specific
gravity is
(a) 1
(b) 5
(c) 7
(d) 6
Ans: d
126. The total pressure force on a plane area is
equal to the area multiplied by the intensity of
pressure at the centriod, if
(a) the area is horizontal
(b) the area is vertical
(c) the area is inclined
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d
127. A square surface 3 m x 3 m lies in a vertical
line in water pipe its upper edge at water surface.
The hydrostatic force on square surface is
(a) 9,000 kg
(b) 13,500 kg
(c) 18,000 kg
(d) 27,000 kg
(e) 30,000 kg.
Ans: b
128. The depth of the center of pressure on a
vertical rectangular gate 8 m wide and 6 m high,
when the water surface coincides with the top of the
gate, is
(a) 2.4m
(b) 3.0 m
(c) 4.0 m
(d)"2.5 m
(e) 5.0 m.
Ans: b
129. If the atmospheric pressure on the surface of
an oil tank (sp. gr. 0.8) is 0.2 kg/cm", the pressure
at a depth of 50 m below the oil surface will be
(a) 2 meters of water column
(b) 3 meters of water column
(c) 5 meters of water column
(d) 6 meters of water Column
(e) 7 meters of water column.
Ans: d
130. Metacentre is the point of intersection of
(a) vertical upward force through e.g. of body and
center line of body
(b) buoyant force and the center line of body
(c) mid point between e.g. and center of buoyancy
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b
131. Choose the wrong statement
(a) The horizontal component of the hydro-static
force on any surface is equal to the normal force on
the vertical projection of the surface
(b) The horizontal component acts through the
center of pressure for the vertical projection
(c) The vertical component of the hydrostatic force
on any surface is equal to the weight of the volume
of the liquid above the area
(d) he vertical component passes through the
center of pressure of the volume
(e) Center of pressure acts at a greater depth than
center of gravity.
Ans: d
132. For a body floating in a liquid the normal
pressure exerted by the liquid acts at
(a) bottom surface of the body
(b) e.g. of the body
(c) metacentre
(d) all points on the surface of the body
(e) all of the above.
Ans: d
133. Choose the wrong statement
(a) any weight, floating or immersed in a liquid, is
acted upon by a buoyant force
(p) Buoyant force is equal to the weight of the liquid
displaced
(c) The point through which buoyant force acts, is
called the center of buoyancy
(d) Center of buoyancy is located above the center
of gravity of the displaced liquid v
(e) Relative density of liquids can be determined by
means of the depth of flotation of hydrometer.
Ans: d
134. According to the principle of buoyancy a body
totally or partially immersed in a fluid will be lifted
up by a force equal to
(a) the weight of the body
(b) more than the weight of the body
(c) less than the weight of the body
(d) weight of the fluid displaced by the body
(e) weight of body plus the weight of the fluid
displaced hy the body.
Ans: d
135. When a body floating in a liquid, is displaced
slightly, it oscillates about
(a) e.g. of body
(b) center of pressure
(c) center of buoyancy
(d) metacentre
(e) liquid surface.
Ans: d
136. Buoyant force is
(a) resultant force acting on a floating body
(b) equal to the volume of liquid displaced
(c) force necessary to keep a body in equilibrium
(d) the resultant force on a body due to the fluid
surrounding it
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d
137. Ratio of inertia force to surface Jension is
known as
(a) Mach number
(b) Froude number
(c) Reynold's number
(d) Weber's number
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d
138. A ship whose hull length is 100 m is to travel at
10 m/sec. For dynamic similarity,
at what velocity should a 1:25 model be towed
through water ?
(a) 10 m/sec
(b) 25 m/sec
(c) 2 m/sec
(d) 50 m/sec
(e) 250 m/sec.
Ans: c
139. A model of a reservior is drained in 4 mts by
opening the sluice gate. The model scale is 1: 225.
How long should it take to empty the prototype ?
(a) 900 minutes
(b) 4 minutes
(c) 4 x (225)3/2 minutes
(d) 4 (225)1/3 minutes
(e) 4 x V225 minutes.
Ans: e
140. A model of torpedo is tested in a towing tank at
a velocity of 25 m/sec. The prototype is expected to
attain a velocity of 5 m/sec. What model scale has
been used ?
(a) 1 : 5
(b) 1 : 2.5
(c) 1 :25
(d) 1:V5"
(e) 1 : 53/2
Ans: a
141. Ratio of inertia force to elastic force is known
as
(a) Mach number
(b) Froude number
(c) Reynold's number
(d) Weber's number
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a
142. For a floating body to be in stable equilibrium,
its metacentre should be
(a) below the center of gravity
(b) below the center of buoyancy
(c) above the center of buoyancy
(d) between e.g. and center of pressure
(e) above the center of gravity.
Ans: e
143. For a floating body to be in equilibrium
(a) meta centre should be above e.g.
(b) centre of buoyancy and e.g. must lie on same
vertical plane
(c) a righting couple should be formed
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d
144. The two important forces for a floating body
are
(a) buoyancy, gravity
(b) buoyancy, pressure
(c) buoyancy, inertial
(d) inertial, gravity
(e) gravity, pressure.
Ans: a
145. Choose the wrong statement
(a) The center of buoyancy is located at the center
of gravity of the displaced liquid
(b) For stability of a submerged body, the center of
gravity of body must lie directly below the center of
buoyancy
(c) If e.g. and center of buoyancy coincide, the
submerged body must lie at neutral equilibrium for
all positions
(d) For stability of floating cylinders or spheres, the
e.g. of body must lie below the center of buoyancy
(e) All floating bodies are stable.
Ans: e
146. Center of pressure on an inclined plane is
(a) at the centroid
(b) above the centroid
(c) below the centroid
(d) at metacentre
(e) at center of pressure.
Ans: c
147. An open vessel of water is accelerated up an
inclined plane. The free water surface will
(a) be horizontal
(b) make an angle in direction of inclination of
inclined plane
(c) make an angle in opposite direction to inclination
of inclined plane
(d) any one of above is possible
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c
148. The line of action of the buoyant force acts
through the centroid of the
(a) submerged body
(b) volume of the floating body
(c) volume of the fluid vertically above the body
(d) displaced volume of the fluid
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d
149. Resultant pressure of the liquid in the case of
an immersed body acts through
(a) centre of gravity
(b) centre of pressure
(c) metacentre
(d) centre of buoyancy
(e) in between e.g. and centre of pressure.
Ans: b
150. The centre of gravity of the volume of the liquid
displaced by an immersed body is called
(a) centre of gravity
(b) centre of pressure
(c) metacentre
(d) centre of buoyancy
(e) centroid.
Ans: d
176. Differential monometer is used to measure
(a) pressure in pipes, channels etc.
(b) atmospheric pressure
(c) very low pressure
(d) difference of pressure between two points
(e) velocity in pipes
Ans: d
177. The pressure in the air space above an oil (sp.
gr. 0.8) surface in a tank is 0.1 kg/cm".
The pressure at 2.5 m below the oil surface will be
(a) 2 metres of water column
(b) 3 metres of water column
(c) 3.5 metres of water column
(d) 4 m of water column
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b
178. The time oscillation of a floating body with
increase in metacentric height will be
(a) same
(b) higher
(c) lower
(d) lower/higher depending on weight of body
(e) unpredictable.
Ans: c
179. In an immersed body, centre of pressure is
(a) at the centre of gravity
(b) above the centre of gravity
(c) below be centre of gravity
(d) could be above or below e.g. depend¬ing on
density of body and liquid
(e) unpredictable.
Ans: c
180. The normal stress is same in all directions at a
point in a fluid
(a) only when the fluid is frictionless
(b) only when the fluid is incompressible and has
zero viscosity
(c) when there is no motion of one fluid layer
relative to an adjacent layer
(d) irrespective of the motion of one fluid layer
relative to an adjacent layer
(e) in case of an ideal fluid.
Ans: c
181. Select the correct statement
(a) Local atmospheric pressure depends upon
elevation of locality only
(b) Standard atmospheric pressure is the mean
local atmospheric pressure a* sea level
(c) Local atmospheric pressure is always below
standard atmospheric pressure
(d) A barometer reads the difference be-tween local
and standard atmospheric pressure
(e) Gauge piessure is equal to atmospheric
pressure plus instrument reading.
Ans: b
184. For measuring flow by a venturimeter, if should
be installed in
(a) vertical line
(b) horizontal line
(c) inclined line with flow downward
(d) inclined line with upward flow\
(e) in any direction and in any location.
Ans: e
185. Total pressure on a lmxlm gate immersed
vertically at a depth of 2 m below the free water
surface will be
(a) 1000 kg
(b) 4000 kg
(c) 2000 kg
(d) 8000 kg
(e)  16000 kg.
Ans: a
186. Hot wire anemometer is used to measure
(a) pressure in gases
(b) liquid discharge
(c) pressure in liquids
(d) gas velocities
(e) temperature.
Ans: d
187. Rotameter is a device used to measure
(a) absolute pressure
(b) velocity of fluid
(c) flow
(d) rotation
(e) velocity of air.
Ans: c
18 Flow of water in a pipe about 3 metres in
diameter can be measured by
(a) orifice plate
(b) venturi
(c) rotameter
(d) pitot tube
(e) nozzle
Ans: d
189. True one-dimensional flow occurs when
(a) the direction and magnitude of the veiocity at all
points are identical
(b) the velocity of successive fluid par-ticles, at any
point, is the same at suc-cessive periods of time
(c) the magnitude and direction of the velocity do
not change from point to point in the fluid
(d) the fluid particles move in plane or parallel
planes and the streamline pat-terns are identical in
each plane
(e) velocity, depth, pressure etc. change from point
to point in the fluid flow.
Ans: a
190. An ideal flow of any fluid must satisfy
(a) Pascal law
(b) Newton's law of viscosity
(c) boundary layer theory
(d) continuity equation
(e) Bernoulli's theorem.
Ans: d
191. In the case of steady flow of a fluid, the
acceleration of any fluid particle is
(a) constant
(b) variable
(c) zero
(d) zero under limiting conditions
(e) never zero.
Ans: c
193. Non uniform flow occurs when
(a) the direction and magnitude of the velocity at all
points are identical
(b) the velocity of successive fluid particles, at any
point, is the same at successive periods of time
(c) the magnitude aricf direction of the velocity do
not change from point to point in the fluid
(d) the fluid particles move in plane or parallel
planes and the streamline pat-terns are identical in
each plane
(e) velocity, depth, pressure, etc. change from point
to point in the fluid flow.
Ans: e
194. During the opening of a valve in a pipe line, the
flow is
(a) steady
(b) unsteady
(c) uniform
(d) laminar
(e) free vortex type.
Ans: b
195. Uniform flow occurs when
(a) the flow is steady
(b) the flow is streamline
(c) size and shape of the cross section in a
particular length remain constant
(d) size and cross section change uniformly along
length
(e) flow occurs at constant fate.
Ans: c
196. Gradually varied flow is
(a) steady uniform
(b) non-steady non-uniform
(c) non-steady uniform
(d) steady non-uniform
(e) true one-dimensional.
Ans: d
197. Steady flow occurs when
(a) the direction and magnitude of the velocity at all
points are identical
(b) the velocity of successive fluid particles, at any
point, is the same at successive periods of time
(c) the magnitude and direction of the velocity do
not change from point to point in the fluid
(d) the fluid particles move in plane or parallel
planes and the streamline pat-terns are identical in
each plane
(e) velocity, depth, pressure, etc. change from point
to point in the fluid flow.
Ans: b
198. The flow which neglects changes in a
transverse direction is known as
(a) one dimensional flow
(b) uniform flow
(c) steady flow
(d) turbulent flow
(e) streamline flow.
Ans: a
199. The flow in which each liquid particle has a
definite path and their paths do not cross each
other is called
(a) one dimensional flow
(b) uniform flow
(c) steady flow
(d) turbulent flow
(e) streamline flow.
Ans: e
200. The flow in which conditions do not change
with time at any point, is known as
(a) one dimensional flow
(b) uniform flow
(c) steady flow
(d) turbulent flow
(e) streamline flow.
Ans: c
201. The flow in which the velocity vector is
identical in magnitude and direction at every point,
for any given instant, is known as
(a) one dimensional flow
(b) uniform flow
(c) steady flow
(d) turbulent flow
(e) streamline flow.
Ans: b
202. The flow in which the particles of a fluid attain
such velocities that vary from point to point in
magnitude and direction as well as from instant to
instant, is known as
(a) one dimensional flow
(b) uniform flow
(c) steady flow
(d) turbulent flow
(e) streamline flow.
Ans: d
210. Flow occurring in a pipeline when a valve is
being opened is
(a) steady
(b) unsteady
(c) laminar
(d) vortex
(e) rotational.
Ans: b
211. General energy equation holds for
(a) steady flow
(b) turbulent flow
(c) laminar flow
(d) non-uniform flow
(e) all of the above.
Ans: d
212. A streamline is defined as the line
(a) parallel to central axis flow
(b) parallel to outer surface of pipe
(c) of equal yelocity in a flow
(d) along which the pressure drop is uniform
(e) which occurs in all flows.
Ans: c
213. Two dimensional flow occurs when
(a) the direction and magnitude of the velocity at all
points are identical
(b) the velocity of successive fluid particles, at any
point, is the same at successive periods of time
(c) the magnitude and direction of the velocity do
not change from point to point in the fluid
(d) the fluid particles move in plane or parallel
planes and the streamline pat-terns are identical in
each plane
(e) velocity, depth, pressure, etc. change from point
to point in the fluid flow.
Ans: d
215. A piece of metal of specific gravity 7 floats in
mercury of specific gravity 13.6. What fraction of its
volume is under mercury ?
(a) 0.5
(b) 0.4
(c) 0.515
(d) 0.5
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c
216. A piece of wood having weight 5 kg floats in
water with 60% of its volume under the liquid. The
specific gravity of wood is
(a) 0.83
(b) 0.6
(c) 0.4
(d) 0.3
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b
218. The velocity of jet of water travelling out of
opening in a tank filled with water is proportional to
(a) head of water (h)
(b) h2
(c) V/T
(d) h2
(e) h3/1.
Ans: c
219. In a free vortex motion, the radial component
of velocity everywhere is
(a) maximum
(b) minimum
(c) zero
(d) non-zero and finite
(e) unpredictable.
Ans: c
220. In a forced vortex, the velocity of flow
everywhere within the fluid is
(a) maximum
(b) minimum
(c) zero
(d) non-zero finite
(e) unpredictable.
Ans: d
221. The region between the separation streamline
and the boundary surface of the solid body is
known as
(a) wake
(b) drag
(c) lift
(d) boundary layer
(e) aerofoil section.
Ans: a
222. For hypersonic flow, the Mach number is
(a) unity
(b) greater than unity
(c) greater than 2
(d) greater than 4
(e) greater than 10.
Ans: d
223. The upper surface of a weir over which water
flows is known is
(a) crest
(b) nappe
(c) sill
(d) weir top
(e) contracta.
Ans: c
224. Normal depth in open channel flow is the depth
of flow corresponding to
(a) steady flow
(b) unsteady flow
(c) laminar flow
(d) uniform flow
(e) critical flow.
Ans: d
226. Uniform flow occurs when
(a) the direction and magnitude of the velocity at all
points are identical
(b) the velocity of successive fluid paiticles, at any
point, is the same at successive periods of time
(c) the magnitude and direction of the velocity do
not change from point to point in the fluid
(d) the fluid particles move in plane or parallel
planes and the streamline pat-terns are identical in
each pleasure
(e) velocity, depth, pressure, etc. change from point
to point in the fluid flow.
Ans: c
227. Pitot tube is used for measurement of
(a) pressure
(b) flow
(c) velocity
(d) dsscharge
(e) viscosity.
Ans: c
22 Hydrometer is used to determine
(a) specific gravity of liquids
(b) specific gravity of solids
(c) specific gravity of gases
(d) relative humidity
(e) density.
Ans: a
229. The total energy of each particle at various
places in the case of perfect incompres sible fluid
flowing in continuous sream
(d) keeps on increasing
(b) keeps on decreasing
(c) remains constant
(d) may increase/decrease
(e) unpredictable.
Ans: c
230. According to Bernoulli's equation for steady
ideal fluid flow
(a) principle of conservation of mass holds
(b) velocity and pressure are inversely proportional
(c) total energy is constant throughout
(d) the energy is constant along a stream-line but
may vary across streamlines
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d
231. The  equation of continuity holds good when
the flow
(a) is steady
(b) is one dimensional
(c) velocity is uniform at all the cross sections
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d
232. Mach number is significant in
(a) supersonics, as with projectiles and jet
propulsion
(b) full immersion or completely enclosed flow, as
with pipes, aircraft wings, nozzles etc.
(c) simultaneous motion through two fluids where
there is a surface of dis-continuity, gravity force,
and wave making effects, as with ship's hulls
(d) all of fhe above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a
233. Froude number is significant in
(a) supersonics, as with projectile and jet propulsion
(b) full immersion or completely enclosed flow, as
with pipes, aircraft wings, nozzles etc.
(c) simultaneous motion through two fluids where
there is a surface of dis-continuity, gravity forces,
and wave making effect, as with ship's hulls
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above
Ans: c
234. All the terms of energy in Bernoulli's equation
have dimension of
(a) energy
(b) work
(c) mass
(d) length
(e) time.
Ans: d
235. Reynolds number is significant in
(a) supersonics, as with projectile and jet propulsion
(b) full immersion or completely enclosed flow, as
with pipes, aircraft wings, nozzles etc.
(c) simultaneous motion through two fluids where
there is a surface of dis-continuity, gravity forces,
and wave making effect, as with ship's hulls
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b
236.  The fluid forces considered in the Navier
Stokes equation are
(a) gravity, pressure and viscous
(b) gravity, pressure and turbulent
(c) pressure, viscous and turbulent
(d) gravity, viscous and turbulent
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a
237. A large Roynold number is indication of
(a) smooth and streamline flow
(b) laminar flow
(c) steady flow
(d) turbulent flow
(e) highly turbulent flow.
Ans: e
239. For pipes, laminar flow occurs when Roynolds
number is
(a) less than 2000
(b) between 2000 and 4000
(c) more than 4000
(d) less than 4000
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a
240. In order that flow takes place between two
points in a pipeline, the differential pressure
between these points must be more than
(a) frictional force
(b) viscosity
(c) surface friction
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d
241. At the center line of a pipe flowing under
pressure where the velocity gradient is zero, the
shear stress will be
(a) minimum
(b) maximum
(c) zero
(d) negative value
(e) could be any value.
Ans: e
242. The pressure in Pascals at a depth of 1 m
below the free surface of a body of water will be
equal to
(a) 1 Pa
(b) 91 Pa
(c) 981 Pa
(d) 9810 Pa
(e) 98,100 Pa.
Ans: d
244. Two pipe systems can be said to be equivalent,
when the following quantites are same
(a) friction loss and flow
(b) length and diameter
(c) flow and length
(d) friction factor and diameter
(e) velocity and diameter.
Ans: a
245. For pipes, turbulent flow occurs when
Reynolds number is
(a) less than 2000
(b) between 2000 and 4000
(c). more than 4000
(d) less than 4000
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c
246. Bernoulli equation deals with the law of
conservation of
(a) mass
(b) momentum
(c) energy
(d) work
(e) force.
Ans: c
247. A hydraulic press has a ram of 15 cm diameter
and plunger of 1.5 cm. It is required to lift a weight
of 1 tonne. The force required on plunger is equal to
(a) 10 kg
(b) 100 kg
(c) 1000 kg
(d) 1 kg
(e) 10,000 kg.
Ans: a
248. Cavitation is caused by
(a) high velocity
(b) high pressure
(c) weak material
(d) low pressure
(e) low viscosity.
Ans: d
249. Cavitation will begin when
(a) the pressure at any location reaches an absolute
pressure equal to the saturated vapour pressure of
the liquid
(b) pressure becomes more than critical pressure
(c) flow is increased
(d) pressure is increased
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a
250. Principle of similitude forms the basis of
(a) comparing two identical equipments
(b) designing models so that the result can be
converted to prototypes
(c) comparing similarity between design and actual
equipment
(d) hydraulic designs
(e) performing acceptance tests.
Ans: b
251. For similarity, in addition to models being
geometrically similar to prototype, the following in
both cases should also be equal
(a) ratio of inertial force to force due to viscosity
(b) ratio of inertial force to force due to gravitation
(c) ratio of inertial force to force due to surface
tension
(d) all the four ratios of inertial force to force due to
viscosity, gravitation, sur-face tension, and
elasticity
Ans: d