During their mechanical engineering degree program,

During their mechanical engineering degree program, many of the students are usually interested in doing mini projects and final year projects related to design and manufacturing.  Here I have suggested a list of mechanical engg projects for students:

1. Design/manufacture a sugar dispenser: You will find many tea and coffee dispensers at different places. Why not introduce a sugar dispenser as well? This sugar dispenser can be used to mix sugar in a more hygienic condition with minimum sugar waste. In this mechanical engineering design project idea, you need to design a sugar dispenser with full automatic control. This sugar dispenser will be used to pour tea into cups and can be placed alongside tea dispensers.

2. Design a multipurpose chair/table: Design a multipurpose chair/table which can be converted to a table or a chair as needed. Using mechanical engineering design techniques you need to design this product which users can fold into a chair or even a table as required. This is actually 2 in 1 type product. This product if properly developed can also be sold in the market.

3. Design a machine to produce power from canals: Water in most of the canals has a lot of energy. Why not use this energy for some useful purpose? Think of some product or machine which you can install on a canal to generate energy and electricity from running water. This mechanical design project can be very useful in rural areas of developing countries.

4. Design a multi-direction wind turbine: Design a wind turbine which can operate in any wind direction but rotates in the same direction. Whatever the direction of the wind is, it must operate in same direction. These kinds of wind turbines are very useful in hill stations and mountainous areas where wind comes in from different directions at same time. So all this wind from different direction can then be used to operate this turbine in a same direction.

5. Design a robot for spraying: In this mechanical engineering design project you need to design a robot for spraying purposes using a remote. This is also related to robotics projects in mechanical engineering. Movement of robot can be defined and controlled using a robot.

6. Design a mobile phone holder for cars: In this design project, engineering students can design a product which can be installed on car doors or dash board and which is capable of holding mobile phones and charging them.

I have suggested these mechanical engg design projects after detailed discussion with industry experts and professors. Kindly discuss these projects with your college professors as well. Keep visiting this mechanical engineering vision website for more new and latest projects.

Thermal mechanical engineering projects (thermodynamics)

After proper guidance from senior professors and experts, i have created following list of projects :

1. Calculate heat generation and refrigeration capacity: This mechanical engineering project idea is related to thermodynamics and heat transfer. You need to calculate heat generation and refrigeration capacity within any factory or shopping mall or even in your own campus building. Then after performing complete analysis on these factors you need to suggest improvements in building design and other factors which will minimize heat generated and humidity within a building.

2. Make a steam powered rocket boat: Do you know how a rocket propels itself? Hot gases burn out and rocket propels further. Why not use this phenomenon in making a rocket boat which uses steam/boiled water or even hot gases to propel the boat onto water.

3. Manufacture solar powered oven and cookers: Design and manufacture solar powered cookers with more efficiency for use in remote areas of developing countries. This thermal mechanical engineering project is purely related to thermodynamics. Students who are interested in engineering projects related to thermodynamics should undertake this project in order to understand complete concepts of the subject as well as heat transfer.

4. Design and analysis of a virtual refrigerator: In this thermal mechanical project you need to Design a virtual refrigerator in any CAD utility and perform complete analysis using ANSYS or any other software on performance of using different refrigerants. This virtual environment will help save millions of dollars spent on making labs for understanding performance of different refrigerants used within refrigerators.

5. Design a fish aquarium with automatic control: In this thermodynamics project mechanical engineering students are required to design an aquarium for fish with automatic control of temperature according to the weather and temperate in the environment.

6. Automatic fire fighting robot/Machine: Design small scale robots or machines which can be installed in different buildings and shopping malls in order to avoid accidental fire in any building. This mechanical engineering project is related to thermodynamics and manufacturing courses. It will help save many accidents which cause great financial loss due to fire caught within any building during night.

I hope you will like these thermal mechanical engineering project ideas.

Automobile project ideas for mechanical engineering students

I would like to share some automobile project ideas for mechanical engineering students:

1. Improvements in diesel engine for less emission of CO2: Obtain a used diesel engine from your engine lab in your campus or you may also get it from any sponsor. You task is to measure the percentage of hazardous gases which emit from engine exhaust then you have to reduce that percentage to a minimum level. Think about the improvements which you can make into that diesel engine which can reduce emission of dangerous gases which cause pollution to the environment. This is a hot issue and research topic these days. Get yourself involved into this research and maybe you can reduce a little bit of it and play your part in saving the world. You can work initially on reducing percentage of CO2 emitted or you can choose any other emission gas. This project will help you in understanding all diesel engine working procedures in detail. Hint: Record you readings in excel sheets and develop macros to sort out data in a desired form.

2. Create a device or make changes in speed meter to warn next oil change required: Changing engine oil and filter on time helps improve efficiency and performance of an engine. Exactly when a car owner requires changing engine oil? There is no such device to warn next engine oil change. It’s usually done manually. So in this mechanical engineering automobile related project, you can manufacture a device to warn next oil change required. This will help improve efficiency of the automobile.

3. Create a low price car jack: Create a low price and small scale edition of a hydraulic car jack in order to minimize human effort and risks. Most of the car jacks used these days are scissor car jacks with mechanical threads which require a lot of human energy and cause many accidents frequently. So in this automobile project you are required to manufacture a small scale hydraulic jack for cars which are cheap to buy and require less effort to use. Fluid energy can be used which will minimize human effort to a great level

4. Design/manufacture more efficient mudguards for cars: In this mechanical engineering project idea, you need to design special mudguards with improved efficiency. Use any mechanical engineering software or CAD/CAM setup to design these mudguards. Make them more elastic and more strengthened to survive from any hard materials on roads or in mud

5. Create a small carriage for shopkeepers or grocery store owners from bike engine: Convert your motorcycle into a more useful carriage for medium shop businesses. Take into account all the weight requirements and safety measures while making this device. Perform complete structural analysis before finalizing your product. This is very helpful for developing countries. It will provide a great carriage for small to medium scale shopkeepers to carry their stock from market with less fuel consumption and at economical cost

6. Create a device to insert into exhaust system of a car to convert hazardous gases into environment friendly liquids and gases: In this mechanical project which is related to automobile exhaust system, you need to create a device which can be inserted into exhaust section of any car. This device should be capable of converting CO2 and other hazardous gases into environment friendly liquids or gases through some chemical reactions.

I hope you like these project ideas for mechanical engineering students. Discuss these automobile projects and ideas with your professors and advisors in your colleges and departments and start working on them. You will find these projects very helpful in understanding mechanical engineering and automobile engineering concepts.

Final Year Mechanical Engineering Projects

Here I have compiled some great ideas for final year mechanical engineering projects at undergraduate level. These final year mechanical engineering projects are just an idea of what you can do. You can always increase or decrease the scope of a project and make any changes according to your requirements.

1. An Automated Umbrella:

Design an automated umbrella with sunlight sensors such that the umbrella opens automatically in sun light and closes in the evening. These types of automatic umbrellas are used in mosques, parks, beaches and open air cafeterias etc. Main objectives of your project will include:

• Sketch out of conceptual design.
• Designing and assembling of every part in Pro-Engineer.
• Analyse the model for motor/hydraulic system requirements.
• Structural, thermal and drag force analyses of umbrella
• Structural Analysis in Pro Mechanical for design robustness.
• Manufacturing of a prototype for illustration.

2. Power production from waste air of exhaust fans at Textile Mill

Design, Analysis and Fabrication of Modular Type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) for a Textile Unit. Installation and Testing of the VAWT will be accomplished to generate power from waste air emitting from exhaust fans located in the Power House of the Textile Unit. The waste air recovered will be utilized as a source to drive the wind turbine blades. As such the power generated must be sufficient enough to meet the internal lighting requirements of the mill. Main objectives of this final year mechanical engineering project will include:

• Install a wind turbine in front of exhaust fans.
• Entirely new concept of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine.
• The Objectives include design, Analysis (on ANSYS), Manufacturing, Testing and Installation at the Textile Mill.
• Perform Static and Dynamic Analysis on ANSYS.

3. Power Production from Biogas using Sewage Wastes by Solar Energy

Main objectives of this mechanical engineering project will include:

• Design and Fabrication of Biogas Digester.
• Design and Fabrication of Solar Reflector.
• Checking composition of Biogas collected through Gas Analyser.
• Design and Fabrication of Up gradation Apparatus for Biogas.
• Power Generation from purified Biogas

4. Thermo-Hydraulic Design of Evaporator for Low Temperature Organic Rankine Cycle

The aim of the project is to develop software for Thermo-Hydraulic Design of Evaporator of Organic Rankine Cycle which utilizes the low grade waste heat available in process industries and renewable energy resources. Organic Rankine Cycle is a cycle that generates electricity from low temperature waste heat. Evaporator is a heat exchanger, essential to any power plant. Development of a computer program to carry out thermal and hydraulic design of the evaporator.

5. Design Standardization and Fabrication of Micro-Hydro Cross Flow Turbine

This final year mechanical engineering project will include:

• Vital link in the chain of solutions to deal with the problem of providing electricity to off-grid locations in rural areas and ensure off-shelf availability of CFT.
• Model and Design “Cross flow turbine” on PRO/E and performed CFX analysis.
• Engineering drawings and Designing of Shaft, Bearing and belt Selection

I hope mechanical engineering students will like these mechanical project ideas.

What should a Mechanical Engineer must know!

Well being a mechanical engineer student i personally think that basic concept is the most important thing every Mechanical Engineer should know and to remember those concept you must wrote them down on a paper and stick it on your wall so you can keep checking and remembering those basic concepts allow me to elaborate in case of thermodynamic ( you must know about zero,first,second law of thermodynamic and different formulas of enthalpy, understand of tables,of pressure ,temperature and curves etc) keep their short notes and use you gain knowledge on every holiday to solve real world problems must know ideal process cycles and its types and try to grap concepts of experiment and stick its notes close to your eyes

Fluid mechanics
For this you must know how to select a pump for certain requirement like you must know what is the head of pump pressure of pump and flow rate also you must know how to estimate pipe pressure and friction depending on is length ,diameter, and angle on which it is and most importantly pressure drop on different kinds of bends(must know about type of angle use in pipe and type of bends) how to find
center of (inertia,resultant force,resultant pressure) of shape on which fluid is carried this thing help in building (dams ,reservoirs for different fluids) and plus you should also know about CG (center of
gravitation) this help in building ships and floating stuff ,you must know about effect on pressure if you go down sea level inside fluid or go on high hills must know about how to use instrument and basic ideal gas laws and few application try to practice these concept every holiday

Mechanics of Material(MOM)
For MOM try to practice to remember bending moment, shear stress,torsional stresses, normal stresses,bending moment both (horizontally,vertically) moment of inertia of different shapes and objects must keep a chart on your wall to know difference of ductile and brittle cure mechanical properties (young modulus,yield strength of basic mostly use materials like aluminum,steel,brass,copper,iron etc) ,mohr circle etc and create a structure like cycle or other thing
using this concept or try to help those student who are making structure in there final year project

Design OF Machine Element(DOM)
keep remember basic things like different between rivet,screw,bolt,stud, and most most most important where to use them in come places you only use rivet you must know reason keep there  notes on your wall ,must type of keys and what material should we use same or different and flange design and other these thing try to solve there real problem by asking real engineer if you can or create your on and build product and test it or help final year student to build project

TOM (THEORY OF MACHINES)
Must know how to analysis mechanism, how to create mechanics mostly mechanism are made of 4 bar mechanism know ho to calculate velocity of component fore and all other stuff some mechanism are basic like train,umbrella,car roof mechanism and some are use in games like (wipe out try to look at these mechanism and think how it would have been made and create on paper find its velocity force ) and also you must keep notes of pulley and belts driver and follower,must know how to find best for your desired pulley ,types and uses and tables and about gears also type of gears uses how to
change direction method to find gear teeth

Heat and mass transfer (HMT)
Must know difference between conduction,convention,radiation and there formulas, and enthalpy,coefficient of convection,conduction etc which fluid ha what property and what is its use heat storage capacity and rate of heat transfer both in pip and solid wall must know how to design and
how to play with flow rate of pre -design pipe ,heat exchange and special cases of boiler,condenser effectiveness and efficiency trick to solve and other things like that keep remember must know which pump to use which design heat exchanger and effect of corrosion,environment speed etc keep their notes close to your eyes

IC Engine
Different types of engine parts of engine components which component has what effect what happen if leaking of on thing happen and real life cases of it how many parts to crankshaft mover what other components are connected with cam shaft and how camshaft control water pump,oil pump,radiator fan,vacuum section, carburetor parts, different condition of throttle and mixing ration change while,staring,cursing, cooing system different types and effect of environment case of different situations lubrication how and thrown which places oil move to lubricate and problem of flow of lubricate and its real life case try to communicate with your teacher math stuff must know all math formula and there use try to bring those formulas to real life pick one formula and work on it every holiday with real life situation

'A GOOD TEACHER IS A GIFT WHO CAN TELL YOU REAL LIFE PROBLEMS AND SITUATION'
Keep you interaction with your teacher who taught you and keep asking different question any doubt
and try to find those teachers who have experience in that field whose wisely because in your life only few courses you will be using it depend on you job type so focus on your dream work you want to do and for what you picked MECHANICAL ENGINEERING people die and new people come don't worry about job only do what you like its your life you life once.

Important Questions asked in Mechanical Engineering Interview!

I'm sharing this question list to fellow mechanical engineers that I made to prepare for an interview. It
contains two sections viz. technical questions followed by HR questions.

1. Technical questions:
Type of technical questions asked will be definition type and that too from basic. Your favorite subjects will be asked first and then they start questioning what they want you to answer. Some of the
questions are...

1. Why we do not use same technology to start both SI/CI engine?
2. Which one is more efficient? A four stroke engine or a two stroke and why?
3. 4 Stroke engine is more efficient primarily Because of the presence of valves which precisely control the flow of charge into the chamber and exit the exhaust gases with proper timing which is hard to achieve by ports in a 2 stroke engine.
4. Why there is no differential in a train. What happens when a train takes a turn?
5. A cantilever beam is loaded a point on its ends what will be the effect in shear force?
6. Why vehicle does not move when its gear is applied though parked in slope area?
7. What is shear force in fluid particle?
8. How gear ratio helps in power variation?
9. What is the angle of twist in drill?
10. What is the difference between impact force and sudden force?
11. How to calculate the turbine efficiency?
12. Why centrifugal pump casing is called involutes casing?
13. What will happen if reciprocating compressor run in exactly opposite direction?
14. What is the effect of clearance volume in performance of air- compressor?
15. What is the advantages and disadvantages of critical speed of turbine?
16. What will happen if oil is mixed with boiler feed water?
17. What is difference between fan and blowers?
18. What are the protections required to protect turbine?
19. what is critical temperature?
20. Air is a bad conductor of heat. Why it becomes hot in summer?
21. How many stages in compressor in there in gas turbine?
22. Which is more efficient? A rear engine Volvo Bus or a Front engine Volvo Bus? (Engine Capacity is same for both) why?
23. What is difference between stress and pressure?
24. What is Boiler HP?
25. What is Auto Dosing?
26. What happens when too much oil is injected in the working cylinder?
27. How many manholes should be there on boiler? Why?
28. What is used to check the amount & quality of fuel in two stroke IC engine?
29. Work done in throttling process is given by which formula?
30. Function of the strainer in IC engine?
31. What is the difference between the air pre-heater & air blower?
32. Why the compression ratio of the diesel engine should be high?
33. A vertical plate and a horizontal plate are suspended in an open room. Both are heated to the
same temperature. Which one will cool first? Why?
34. What is the color of flame if the boiler is running?
35. Which is the best lubricant-air, oil or water?
36. Tell the octane number in Indian petrol?
37. Difference between enthalpy & entropy?
38. What is the difference between safety valve and relief valve?
39. Explain cooling and its types?
40. What is the working principal of air compressor?
41. What is cryogenics and what are its fundamentals?
42. What is the difference between a shaper machine and a planner machine?
43. Why stress relieving of stainless steel is not roffered?
44. What are the advantages of PID controllers compared with those of a PLC?
45. Which two continents are mirror images of each other?
46. Where half nut is used?
47. What is the need for drafting?
48. Turbo charger driven by.............? and what its speed
49. Why...? Turbo charger used in DG....?
50. The stage below saturation is called?
51. Why is a condenser used in a Rankin cycle?
52. What is servo motor?
53. Can we use light duty vehicle axle into the heavy duty machinery axle? If no then why?
54. Stress strain diagram for fluid?
55. Where manning formula used?
56. What is level of documentations for a ISO 9001 certified company?
57. What is back plate in centrifugal pumps and its purpose?
58. Why tyres are manufactured in black colour?
59. Whether ductile material can fail in brittle manner? When?
60. On what property u can distinguish material as brittle or ductile?
61. Name fuels used in nuclear power plant?
62. On what thermodynamic cycle nuclear power plant works?
63. How can you increase the efficiency of power plant without changing in effort?
64. What is purpose of governor in Diesel engine?
65. Why petrol engines have more power than diesel engines of same capacity?
66. What is the difference between Torque and Power ( layman Idea)?
67. What will be the induced stress in the bar?
68. What is the Difference between Rated Speed and Economic Speed?
69. How to convert from HP to BHP or CC to Bhp please explain????????
70. How the material no. 2062 will mild steel of density 7.85? What are the other codes?
71. Why petrol engine gives more power than diesel engine even though diesel engine has high
compression ratio?
72. What is mean by Resistance welding?
73. Compare Brayton and Otto cycle.
74. Why we have to know the specific frequency of any equipment? does anybody know about specific frequency ?
75. What is pulverization?
76. What is the function of an isolator?
77. Why the back wheel of tractor is bigger than front wheel?
78. Flow will increase or decrease or remain same?
79. Why Mechanical seal used in Pumps?
80. The ratio of Emissive to absorption power of heat by a body is equal to heat emitted by a perfect
black body. Who said the statement
81. What is colour of flame if the of Halide Torch detects a refrigerant leakage?
82. How can we remove paint from (painted over) plastic or nylon objects with out damaging the
object?
83. How to calculate or arrive the capacity of a mechanical press?
84. The property of a metal that is determined by the indentation on a metal surface
85. The amount of thickness of the metal sheet that can be welded by ultrasonic welding is?
86. The amount of carbon present in Cast Iron?
87. Numeric control is used for?
88. The amount of moisture that is to be present in wood to be called dry wood is?
89. The pattern material used in Investment casting Process is?
90. What is the use of offset follower in cam? Why and where we have to use this type of follower?
91. What is the use of offset follower in cam? Why and where we have to use this type of follower?
92. State the difference between Forging & Fabrication?
93. What is flange rating?
94. What amount of heat energy loss in ESP?
95. What happen when diesel is injected in petrol engine?
96. What do you mean by property of system?
97. Why joule-Brayton cycle is not suitable for a reciprocating engine.
98. How does “turbulence” differ from swirl?
99. Is octane number beyond 100 is possible?
100. Explain the effect of fuel structure on knocking.
101. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of LPG as a fuel in S.I. Engine?
102. What is the impact of using throttling device instead of expander in vapour compression cycle?
103. What is moisture choking? Which refrigerants are more prone to it?
104. What is Montreal protocol and why CFCs are being phased out?
105. Why reverse Joule Brayton is used in aircraft refrigeration system?
106. Explain how solar-energy can used in refrigeration system?
107. Is wet bulb temperature a thermodynamic property?
108. What is the utility of comfort chart?
109. How would you decide whether a reciprocating compressor or centrifugal compression is to be
used in a refrigerating system?
110. Why smoking is not allowed in air conditioned enclosure?
111. Why desert coolers become ineffective in raining season?
112. Why package units are being preferred over central air conditioning system?
113. What is MAPI.
114. What is capital budgetary?
115. What is group technology layout?
116. What is leveling & smoothing in production technology?
117. What is deference between method study & work measurement?
118. What you know about drilling?
119. How oil is produced? What is the size of well?
120. Pumps used in drilling procedure and why? Why not centrifugal pump? What if we want high
head and high discharge?
121. Difference between Pipeline and Piping ?
122. Use of CNG, LNG, LPG etc.

Additional questions subject wise:

Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machinery

What is the difference between impulse & reaction turbine.
Explain unit speed, unit discharge unit power & specific speed.
Explain NPSH, in which parameter it depends on.
What is jet ratio?
What is Deriaz turbine?
Which turbine is good for tidal power plant?
What is Navier-stroke equation.
What are the significance of
Mach number
Weber number

Material Science
What is quazi-crystal?
What do you understand by a free cutting steel?
What elements are usually added to make a steel free cutting, & how they make the steel free cutting?
Explain various method of hardening of steel?
What do you understand by the term “Arrest point” in connecting with heat treatment of plain carbon steel?
What influence does grain size have on the mechanical properties of metals.
Describe the difference between brittle and ductile fracture.
What is the difference between natural & artificial aging?

Thermodynamics
What is availability function for a closed system?
If it is possible that entropy of a system can decrease during a given process?
What is dead state in thermodynamics?
What is exergy?
What happens to triple point line when projected to P-T plane?
What is compressibility factor and what is its value for Vander walls gases.
What are initial conditions for formation of shock waves?
What do you understand by choking in nozzle flows?
Is it possible that pressure and velocity decreases simultaneously/
Distinguish between “Available energy” & Availability?
What is pure substances.
What is critical point? What is the value of critical temperature, pressure & volume of water?
What is sublimation curve, fusion curve & vaporization curve?
What is Rayleigh Line & Fanno Line?
What is normal shocks & when its occurs?
What is High Grade Energy & Low Grade Energy?

Heat & Mass Transfer
What is Newton’s Law of cooling.
What is Recuperator & Regenerators?
Whether fin can actually reduce heat transfer? is it possible? When?
What is difference between Biot no. & Nusselt no?
Which one is greater, thermal boundary layer or hydrodynamic boundary layer?
What is film temperature in forced convection flow?
What is fully developed region and where it is applicable?
What is the critical radius of insulation, explain clearly in terms of thermal resistance and heat
transfer rate?
At what case do you recommend Fin?
What is the difference between free convection & forced convection in what parameter forced &
free convection depend.

Internal Combustion Engine What is the use of Carburetor in SI Engine, There is trend towards increases of injection system in
Automobiles, Explain.
Why Supercharging is not popular with SI Engines?
What is performance number.
Explain Knocking in SI Engine & Mention, the factor that tend to reduce Knocking?
Explain the difference between Knocking in SI Engine & CI Engine?
How does “Turbulence” differ from “Swirl”?
Name some Antiknock additive and explain the Mechanism by which they reduce the knock?
Power Plant engineering
What is slip ratio in thermal power plant?
In Pendant super heater whether parallel flow or counter flow heat exchange between steam and flue gases.
What happens to mass flow in case of supersaturated flow?
Why clearance are provided in reciprocating compressor?
Explain turbojet & Rocket Engine.
What’s the advantage of compounding of steam turbine?
What’s are boiler mounting & accessory.
Draw the sketch of pulse jet engine. What are its main advantage & disadvantage?
Explain working principal of scram jet engine,
what is advantage over the ramjet?
What are the advantage of nuclear power plants over thermal power plants.
What is fast breeder reactor?
What is circulation ratio and what is its range in power plant?
One 2-row Curtis turbine is equivalent to how many reaction turbines for same value of blade velocity and angle of nozzle?
What are thermal neutrons?
What is breeding ratio?
What is the application of jet and rocket technology? Which is used in missiles?

Strength of Materials
What do you mean by equal strength in a beam?
What is difference between pure shear and simple (normal) shear?
Is it possible that decrease in area gives a decrease in stress?
Whether shear stresses are always parallel to shear forces?
By which experiment, you find it toughness of material.
Distinguish between direct stress & bending stress.
What do you mean by Torsional rigidity & lateral rigidity?
Define “slenderness ratio”. How it is used in long and short column?

Machine Design
What are rolling contact bearing?
What are the anti friction bearings?
What is stress concentration factor?
What is the bolt of uniform strength?
What is the difference Static Load carrying
capacity & Dynamic Load carrying capacity?
Why we are not using the unit joule for torque instead of N-m.
What is Low cycle fatigue failure and High cycle fatigue failure? What are considerations of these while designing a machine?
What is mechanical advantage?
How trains take turns though there is no differential gear?
Do you know epicyclical gear box? What is the practical application of epicyclical gear box?
What is tooth profile? Which one is better?

Theory of Machines
What is Keneddy theorem?
Do we need a screw with efficiency less than 50%?
What is backlash?
What is damping ratio?
Define Resonance.
Define critical speed or whirling speed or
whipping speed.
What is machine? Giving example, Differentiate
between a machine & structure.
What is Mechanical advantage.

Refrigeration and Air-conditioning
What is utility of comfort chart?
hat is wet compression?
To maximize COP what should be the condition of vapour at suction to compression?
What is the range of NBP (normal boiling point) in case of most refrigerants?
Why COP of CO2 gas is less and still why it is used in transport refrigeration?
What are the most crucial parts in reciprocating compressors?
How compressors are selected based on type of refrigerant?
What is correlation between wet bulb
temperatures an adiabatic saturation temperature?
Why isothermal compressor is Desirable?
What is desirable property of ideal refrigerant?
Define effective temperature & what is the optimum design condition for comfort for summer A/C?

Production Engineering
Why arc is slowly extinguished in case of arc welding?
Which inert gas is commonly used for thin work piece and which inert gas for thick work piece?
What is friction welding?
What is difference between brazing & braze welding?
Why hole basis system is adopted in manufacturing?
What is 3- 2-1 principle?
Where diamond pin locator is used?
How presses are rated?
What is spring back?
What is difference between fillet and corner radius?
What are overhead costs?
Why depreciation is to be taken into account in industrial management?
Why breakeven point is important in any industry?
What is sine bar?
What is marginal cost and marginal revenue?
What is shear and where it is provided in case of punching and blanking?
What is angle of bite?
What is extrusion ratio?
What is gutter and where it is used?
Which process is used for making nuclear reactor fuel rods?
What is difference between Amorphous and crystalline solids?
What are the various method of inspection of
casting for internal & external defects?
Why are allowances provided for in the
production of patterns? What do they depend on?
What is the deference between soldering & brazing?
What is meant by solid-state welding explain.
What is cold welding?
Describe the principal behind resistance welding processes.
What function should a lubricant perform in manufacturing process?
Explain the difference between punching & blanking.
Explain the difference between discontinuous chips and segment chips.
Explain the different type of tool wear.
What is difference between oblique & orthogonal cutting.
What are the main difference between jig and fixture?
What is AOQ
What is LTPD
What is Producer risk
What is Consumer’s risk
What is JIT approaches?
What is group technology? What are its main advantages?
Define the term “production & productivity.
What is the significance of ISO 9000 series & 1400 series.
What is artificial intelligence?
Which welding process does not required any filler material?
What is tack weld?
Which process used for cutting thicker plates?
Where drooping characteristics of power source is required in arc welding?

2. HR questions:
1. Tell me about yourself?
2. What is your hometown famous for?
3. Tell about your achievements in life.
4. Your strengths and weakness
5. Are you a team player?
6. Tell me about your ability to work under pressure.
7. How would you know you will be successful on this job?
8. Describe your management style.
9. Global warming
10. Chief justice of India
11. Vice President of India
12. CEO of Apple, when did he die?
13. Gas scenario
14. RBI policy
15. Corporate Governance
16. Corporate Laws
17. Cast system is boon or bane ?
18. What’s the difference in the modus operandi of Amir Khan’s “Satyameva jayate” and Anna Hazares movement?
19. What will u do on your part to remove corruption? If you travel in a train without confirmed ticket will u bribe the TT for a seat?
20. What do u mean by optimistic. Is it always good to be optimistic or it helps sometimes to be pessimist?
21. What is difference between confidence and over confidence?
22. What is the difference between hard work and smart work?
23. What are your goals?
24. What motivates you to do a good job?
25. What makes you angry?
26. Give an example of your creativity
27. Describe ideal company, job, and location?
28. What are your hobbies?
29. Inspiration in your life and why?
30. What was the toughest decision you ever had to make?
31. Define success? and how do you measure up to your definition
32. About present job (if employed)
33. Why did you resign from your previous job?
34. Why have you been unemployed so long?
35. What was the toughest challenge you have ever faced?
36. What would you say to your boss if he is crazy about an idea, but you think it stinks?
37. Why should I hire you?
38. Explain how you would be an asset to this organisation.
39. If we give you a job will you leave IIT B or your organisation?
40. What changes would you make if you came on board?

Problems faced in your final year project and ways to avoid them

Your academic project would be a demanding, but an exciting learning experience. However, it is not without problems which, if not identified and addressed, could seriously effect the final result and ultimately reduce your marks. Here we mentioned some of these problems and how to avoid them

The “Overachiever” Problem:

A common problem is selecting a topic that is far too ambitious for the allotted time.   Remember that you have only a few weeks to finish the design, development and testing of your project. Be careful not to select a topic that is unrealistically large.  This can lead to frustration as well as errors caused by “cutting corners” and hurrying through the implementation.  Discuss with your supervisor the scale of what you are planning.  If he or she thinks it may be too large, consider implementing the project in stages, each complete in itself.  When stage I is working move on to stage II.  If you do not finish stage II, however, you still have a functioning system.

The “Do It Tomorrow” Problem:

The project weeks alloted for completion sounds like a long time, but it goes by quickly.  You need an implementation schedule that allocates reasonable amounts of work throughout the entire semester. Then you must stick to that schedule.  Don’t be tempted to postpone work on the project because your due date seems so far off.  All that happens is that during the final few weeks you rush madly to get something working, and project implemented in a rush rarely works correctly!

The “Sleeping Member” Problem:

In the ideal world, all team members have equal ability, equal interest in the problem, and work equally hard.  In the real world that may not happen.  You may have one (or more) team members who do not carry their share of the workload, not because of a lack of ability, but rather lack of interest or motivation.  This is a serious problem because, although part of your marks is based on each individual’s effort, another part is based on successfully finishing the project.  A non-contributing team member can slow down or prevent completion of the work.  If you have a teammate who is not doing his or her share of the work, talk to them and stress the importance of everyone doing their job.  If this does not solve the problem then talk to your supervisor.  Don’t let the failure of others prevent you from completing the work and receiving good marks.

The “Poop Out At The End” Problem:

You have worked hard for many weeks to complete the project. You have spent many late nights and chased down hundreds of bugs, but it is now working, so are you done?  Absolutely not!  The project evaluation is not based only on the programs you develop but also on your written reports and oral presentations.  Even though you may be “burned out” from implementation, remember there is still work to do. Don’t produce a poorly witten paper or give a poorly organized presentation.  That will negate much of your good work. Put in the time needed to prepare both a well written, high-quality final report and a well organized, polished presentation. A good job on these last steps will insure that you receive the marks that fairly represents the work you have done.

Tips for Perfect Final Year Project

For an effective project, it is advisable to carry out the following activities

• Defining the objectives of the project.
•  Acquiring background information about the problem and its possible solutions.
• Establishing the criteria by which your solution(s) to the problem will be judged.
• Determining by what process the work will be carried out.
• Planning the detailed phases of the project.
• Adopting one or more design methodologies.Analysing requirements.
• Using (or constructing) tools.
• Construction of one or more artefacts (hardware, software, document).
• Evaluating your solution to the problem.Reporting on your work.
  
  
  Whatever the nature of the problem you set out to solve, the conclusion of your project should be whether you solved it successfully or not.

Carrier as Mechanical Engineer

Introduction
Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest branches of engineering. It is also referred to as the ‘mother’ branch of engineering. Another appealing feature of mechanical engineering is that the application base of this field of study is extremely broad and diverse. Almost all inventions during the ancient period and a vast majority in the modern era are direct contributions of one or the other application of mechanics.
Traditionally, mechanical engineers have to deal with concepts such as mechanics, thermodynamics, robotics, kinematics, structural analysis, fluid mechanics and many others. These concepts are applied in the process of designing state-of-the-art manufacturing units, different types of motor vehicles, aircraft and aerospace parts and a vast assortment of industrial machinery. Mechanical engineers also contribute in the development of various engines, power plant equipment, heating and cooling systems and other simple and complex machinery.
Mechanical engineers not only design new mechanical systems but they are also responsible for testing, maintaining and manufacturing them. The aforementioned are the conventional roles and responsibilities of mechanical engineers. However, times have changed. Nowadays the scope of mechanical engineering is expanding beyond its traditional boundaries.
Mechanical engineers are focussing their attention towards new areas of research such as nanotechnology, development of composite materials, biomedical applications, environmental conservation, etc. The ever increasing scope of this particular job profile now requires professionals to get into financial and marketing aspects of product development and even into people and resource management. All in all mechanical engineering offers a wide bouquet of job options to students who are looking for a stable and stimulating career.
Step-by-Step
Passing 10+2 with PCM (Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics) is the first step you take towards becoming a professional mechanical engineer. To be eligible for a graduate programme (BE/BTech) in a college, you should have scored at least 50% marks and 60% for being eligible for IITs (Indian Institute of Technology) in 10+2 with PCM as subjects.
After this, you can sit for various entrance examinations such as:

• • The Joint Entrance Examination for IITs (IIT JEE) for admission to various IITs, NITs, IIITs, and other regional government and private colleges.
• Another option is state level entrance tests conducted by the state level authorities like WBJEE, JKCET, UPCET, JCET, APCET so  on.
• Another option is private colleges entrance exam like BITSAT, VITEE, LPUSET, MCET, so on.

Apart from these, there are hundreds of engineering colleges across the length and breadth of the country  where you can get into a graduate programme in mechanical engineering.
You can also opt for a diploma in engineering from a polytechnic. For obtaining a diploma, the basic eligibility is completion of Class 10 with 50% marks. The duration of these diploma courses is three-years for regular and four- years for part-time study.
You can also go for an associate membership qualification from the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, which is considered at par with the diploma earned from a state run polytechnic or a university degree. Another option is to earn a similar qualification offered by the Institution of Engineering (India). Diploma holders can also get direct entry into the second year of a graduate program (lateral entry).
After successful completion of the graduate program, you can go for the two-year masters program in mechanical engineering or ME/MTech. If you are interested in pursuing a post-graduate programme in mechanical engineering from any of the IITs, then you must appear for the Graduate Aptitude Test for Engineers (GATE).
These days many engineering colleges are offering a dual (BE/BTech and ME/MTech) programmes. Some other institutions are offering a combination of an engineering degree along with a management programme. In case you are interested in further studies, you can go do a PhD or even opt for a management degree from a reputed business school.
Start Early
To make mechanical engineering your chosen career path, you must have affinity for the way different machines function. This trait can be observed from early childhood when children try to tinker around with different machinery in their immediate vicinity. Such kids often tend to take apart mechanical toys, clocks, bicycles and then they try to assemble them back again.
These children are so innovative that they may even try to make new things. Here, parents have a  special role to play. They must understand that the child possesses an inquisitive mind that is interested in gaining knowledge about machinery and not in breaking or destroying things. Parents must encourage the child’s curiosity to know more about different gadgets and machines in and  round the house.
During schooling, the quest to play around with machinery increases all the more. This curiosity often culminates with the child opting for science with the PCM subject combination.
Is it the Right Career for Me?
Like other career paths, the entry into this particular branch of engineering also requires you to possess certain basic traits. First and foremost, you must have a penchant for mechanical components and machinery and how these machines work. Then you must be good at physics, chemistry and mathematics. You must also have skills such as an analytical bent of mind, logical reasoning and problem solving.
Further, you must have immense patience, physical strength, ability to work for long hours and an inventive spirit that are essential ingredients for becoming a successful mechanical engineer.
What would it Cost Me?
A graduate programme from a private engineering institution will cost you anywhere between Rs.50,000 to Rs.2,00,000 annually. However, in a reputed government run establishment such as the Indian institute of Technology (IIT) or any regional engineering college, you will have to pay an annual fees in the range of anywhere between Rs 30,000 to Rs 40,000.
Funding/Scholarship
Educational institutes offering programmes in mechanical engineering generally extend scholarships to students from socially and economically backward classes. For example, IITs waive off the complete tuition fees for students belonging to the socially backward communities. Scholarships, freeships, stipends and financial assistance are also provided to students on the basis of merit and other qualifying criteria.
Job Prospect
Since mechanical engineering is the broadest of all engineering fields, the job prospects on offer for skilled mechanical engineers are aplenty and unending. Mechanical engineers are required to design, test, manufacture, install, operate and maintain a wide array of machines and mechanical systems that are used in countless industries. These professionals can find employment both in the government and private sector undertakings.
Major industries that employ mechanical engineers include automobiles, space research, aeronautical, energy and utilities, air conditioning, bio-mechanical industry. Other major employers include giant manufacturing plants, air conditioning and refrigeration industry, turbine manufacturing plants, oil and gas exploration and refining industries and the agricultural sector.
In the government sector, mechanical engineers can provide their knowledge to various government run projects in the role of technical experts and consultants. They can also work in private engineering companies that provide technical consultancy to both government and corporate firms. These engineers can also hold high managerial positions in government as well as private sector organisations according to their field of expertise and educational qualifications.
Pay Packet
Mechanical engineering offers a wide variety of career opportunities to job aspirants. The average monthly salary of mechanical engineers who are new to this profession is approximately in the range between Rs.10,000 and Rs.25,000. Good campus placements can fetch even better packages for deserving students. Mechanical engineers who hold a post-graduate degree from a reputed academic institute tend to get better offers than diploma and degree holders.
From here on the annual pay packet depends on a number of factors such as the skill set possessed, experience, expertise, the employer, nature of roles and responsibilities, etc. Highly skilled mechanical engineers can easily command pay packets as high as Rs 40-45 lacs per annum.
Demand and Supply
There is great deman d for skilled mechanical engineers in different segments of the industry. Their expertise is required in traditional manufacturing industries such as automobiles, aviation, shipping, aerospace, power plants and machinery manufacturing. In recent times, the services of expert mechanical engineers have even been  sought in fields such as nanotechnology, biomedical engineering, energy conservation and environmental engineering.
There is also great requirement for mechanical engineer consultants who have management skills along with  technical proficiency. The primary role of such professionals is to manage both technology and people and firms that provide engineering consultancy require them. Various engineering colleges and polytechnics across the country are doing their best to meet the burgeoning demand of skilled mechanical engineering professionals.
Market Watch
The job market for mechanical engineers is perennial. Even the vagaries of the global economic crisis could not knock out the demand for these professionals in the Indian job market. Although some branches of mechanical engineering went out of focus during the meltdown period, the overall situation was much better as compared with other careers. On the brighter side, things are getting  ack
to normal and this evergreen career path is again gaining coin amongst career aspirants as it did during the pre- meltdown years.
In fact, this is a period of resurgence for mechanical engineers. They not only have countless options in the industrial sector but they can also make foray into new realms of technology and even get into management and technical consultancy.
According to a survey, mechanical engineering is amongst the most sought after branches of engineering preferred by students seeking admission to various technical institutes across India in the recent years.
International Focus
Highly qualified professionals from this field, such as post- graduates from various IITs, often seek suitable employment in foreign countries. It is not that only highly qualified mechanical engineers get opportunity to work abroad. If you are employed in a multinational company, you may also get the chance to work on offshore projects
Positives/Negatives
+ives
• There are umpteen job openings and you will not remain unemployed
• Constant involvement in the development of new components, gadgets and machines
• Innovative contribution to the new frontiers of science such as nanotechnology, biomedical engineering and environmental sciences
• Not hit by recession or global economic meltdown
-ives
• Working conditions can be adverse at times
• Deadlines and work pressure can exact a heavy toll on the body and mind
• Physically strenuous and not for the weak 
Different Roles, Different Names Mechanical engineering is considered the ‘mother’ of all branches of engineering. In this context the roles and responsibilities held by a mechanical engineer are different and depend on their area of specialisation and the industry they are working for. In broad terms, the job profile of mechanical engineers can be classified into the following functional segments:
• Research and Development (R&D): Engineers whose role is to do research and then plan for new machines and their constituent parts.
• Design: Professionals whose responsibility is to draft technical drawings, manually or with the aid of computers.
• Production: Engineers who supervise the manufacturing of mechanical components and machines.
• Analysis and testing: Engineers who analyse and test different types of machines and their parts to ensure that they function flawlessly.
• Installation: Professionals who install machines and mechanical parts at the client location.
• Maintenance: Engineers whose primary role is to ensure that machinery is working as per specifications.
Top Companies
1. Automobile and auto part manufacturers
2. Aerospace industry
3. Various Government sector undertakings
4. Aviation companies
5. Steel plants
6. Thermal plants and gas turbine manufacturers
7. Air conditioning and refrigeration industry
8. Shipping industry
9. Engineering consultancies
10. Armed forces
Tips for Getting Hired
1. It is advisable to earn a post-graduate degree in this field
2. Computer proficiency is a must these days
3. You must have excellent communication and interpersonal skills
4. A management degree further brightens your career prospects

What can I do with an engineering degree, apart from beingan engineer?

What can I do with an engineering degree, apart from being an engineer?

An engineer’s fundamental skills, such as logical thinking, problem-solving and strong numeracy, are highly desirable in many other business sectors. IT, banking, finance and consulting are just a few of the options. However, you don’t have to leave engineering to explore commercial, financial and management opportunities. Many larger engineering employers run programmes that focus on these areas of their business, for example operations management, commercial management, technical sales, finance, procurement and purchasing, supply chain management and logistics.

Read on to research a selection of your options.

Logistics

Logistics covers the physical movement of materials – the transfer of raw materials to manufacturing facilities or the distribution of products to customers – as well as all the planning and financial transactions involved in these operations. The aim is to move things around at the lowest possible cost. It covers processing and tracking orders, working with planning departments to check availability of products, forecasting to meet changes in the market, and dealing with contracted  services such as shipping.

As a logistician, you will apply your problem-solving and logical-thinking skills to problems and situations as they arise. Every situation also requires a cost-benefit analysis. You need to consider the impact of your decisions on the business as a whole, so it’s important to be able to see the bigger picture.

Good communication skills are essential.

You have to be clear and accurate in what you say to colleagues and customers, particularly when you meet resistance to changes in procedures.

Operations management

Operations management is a crucial link between the different parts of the manufacturing process and the business side of a manufacturing organisation. The role is often based around the supply chain – operations managers can be involved in anything from buying raw materials to the logistics of delivery to customers. The aim is to assess and improve the day-to-day running of, for example, a manufacturing plant, by implementing systems to increase productivity and reduce costs. You also need to plan ahead and put strategies in place for future development.

Communication and interpersonal skills are invaluable:

• you will have to work with people running the systems and processes and find quick solutions to problems based on the information you receive.

• You will use your analytical thinking to get the most from the data, and learn how to deal with problems that can have a huge impact on how processes work.

• Operations management is good for people who like to look at the business as a whole.

Patent law and intellectual property

A patent attorney is a specialized legal professional who is qualified to write, obtain and advise clients about patents and to protect the intellectual property (IP) rights in commercial products or processes. A legal background is not required, however: the essential requirement for patent law is technical expertise. Patent attorneys may deal with patents, which protect technological innovations, and with other types of IP such as registered and unregistered designs, which protect the shape and appearance of products. A patent attorney can work for a private firm or an organisation’s in-house patent department. In addition to a good degree and broad-based interest in engineering, excellent communication skills are essential, particularly written skills. You need to be comfortable dealing with clients, working to tight deadlines and handling several projects at once. There is a long training period followed by exams – it may take from three to five years to qualify.

Procurement, purchasing and buying

Procurement is the process of buying equipment and parts for projects at the right price and quality, so that they can be delivered to where they need to be at the right time. As such, procurement careers cover a wide range of activities, including: drawing up lists of preferred suppliers; choosing suppliers based on quality, price and schedule; checking progress and quality; and working with logisticians to ship the equipment to site. A wide range of skills are required to be successful.

• Orders can be worth millions of pounds, so buyers have to cost equipment accurately.Selecting a suitable vendor can involve negotiation so excellent communication skills are vital.

• Timescales are tight, so you have to think on your feet and understand what’s going on in all departments.
• An engineering background means you’ll have a technical understanding of the equipment you’re buying, so you can better estimate timescales and the impact of any changes. You may also be required to inspect equipment.

Supply chain management

Supply chain management involves managing raw materials, production lines, manufacturing processes and logistics to maintain a supply of high-quality products to customers. It’s all about perfecting the processes in the chain to provide the best service for customers, while at the same time minimizing costs and ensuring the safety of employees.

• It can be quite complex, especially within a large organization where you could be working with people from business managers to technicians, so good interpersonal skills are essential.

• To improve processes and act as a link between different parts of the process, you will need to understand the functions of other teams,  and other people’s roles.

• Analytical and investigative skills are also important for seeking out new opportunities and proposing new schemes to make the business more profitable.

• An engineering background may make it easier to pick up technical knowledge, which will help when making  business decisions.

Graduates working in supply chain roles:

Teaching, academia and lecturing

Many people are first attracted to engineering because they like applying science and using their problem-solving skills. Why not use your knowledge of these processes to help train others and turn young scientists into budding engineers? Teaching an engineering related subject enables you to look at the creative aspects of engineering and help students to develop their own problem-solving skills.

• You can use real-world examples from your degree and anytime spent in business to bring technical and scientific concepts to life.

• You will need some experience of working with children, enthusiasm for your subject, and strong communication skills.

• You could also use your engineering background to stay in academia and become a higher education lecturer,specializing in a particular area.

• You will need in-depth technical knowledge of specialist areas, as well as the ability to communicate this tooters clearly using tutorials, lectures, and practical laboratory work.

• You may also carry out personal research.

Technical Consulting

Technical consultants help organisations to solve their business problems. This could cover anything that might impact on the profitability of an organisation so, if you are interested in the broader world of business, this may be the option for you. As a new graduate, you could expect to work as part of a team, initially focusing on research.

• You will then use data analysis and statistical modelling to come up with creative solutions to business problems.

• You will need excellent analytical and communication skills to present complex information and results to clients, who will often include top management.As a trained engineer it will be easier to back up your opinions with technical knowledge and analysis.

• Your logical reasoning and problem-solving skills will be invaluable, and you will need to be comfortable dealing with numbers and large volumes of data.

• You may also need your technical knowledge to advise on the implementation of specialist technology or equipment.

Technical sales

Technical sales involves using your engineering knowledge to win future business. You will need to draw on your organisation’s expertise and skills to present innovative ideas that meet your clients’ requirements. For this, you’ll need a solid understanding of both the business and the needs of its clients. A strong engineering background is essential to be credible in technical sales –

• You need to understand any technical issues and challenges, and advise the client on how your organisation can help them.

• You will need to work with people across your organisation,  including those in research, development, design and purchasing, to ensure you have a full understanding of the product or service.

• Being disciplined and having a positive outlook will take you far in a sales environment.
  
• Most importantly, you need to be good at listening to the client, absorbing and interpreting information and then communicating it to others.

• Winning new business is what makes technical sales people tick.

Technical training

Businesses need to ensure their employees can use, sell, install and operate complex equipment and technological systems. For this, technical trainers are key – they have the technical expertise and communication skills to train workforces on topics such as technical standards, company-specific software packages, manufacturing equipment and health and safety processes.

• You may work for an agency, or be part of an internal human resources and development team.

• You will need to analyse the training needs of the organisation, and then develop technical training courses and materials suitable for all levels, from those with the most basic technical or IT knowledge, to those with high-level technical skills and engineering backgrounds.

• You will need strong presentation and organisational skills, and the ability to communicate with people of all levels.

• You will also need to keep on top of industry developments and potentially work with course providers and examining bodies to ensure the appropriate accreditation.

List of basic terms for Mechanical Engineering

1. Torque or Turning Force
2. Couple
3. Moment
4. Stress
5. Strain
6. Spring
7. Specific Weight
8. Specific Volume
9. Specific Gravity
10. Specific Heat
11. Viscosity
12. Buoyancy
13. Discharge of Fluid
14. Bernoulli's Equation
15. Device for Fluid
16. Mach Number
17. Hydraulic Machine
18. Draft Tube
19. Thermodynamics Law-

• zeroth law
• First law
• second law

20. Entropy
21. calorific value of fuel
22. Boiler/Steam Generator
23. Superheater
24. Air Preheater
25. Boiler Draught
26. Nozzle
27. Scavenging
28. Supercharging
29. Turbocharging
30. Governor
31. Flywheel
32. Rating of fuel-
S.I. engine
C.I. engine
33. Stoichiometric Mixture/ Stoichiometric Ratio
34. Heat Transfer
35. Thermal Conductivity
36. Heat Exchanger
37. Refrigeration
38. 1 tonne Refrigeration
39. Humidification
40. De humidification
41. Gear Train
42. Gyroscopic Couple
43. Heat Treatment
44. Ferrous-Metal
45. Non-ferrous metal
46. Allowance
47. Tolerance
48. Clearance
49. Stiffness
50. Toughness
51. Fatigue
52. Nuclear Fission
53. Nuclear Fusion
54. Welding
55. Machine Tool
56. Cutting Tool
57. Indexing
58. Jig
59. Fixture
Details
Torque or Turning Force: It is the total amount of force which is required to create acceleration on moving substance.

Couple: Two forces those acts on equally,parallely & oppositely on two separate points of same material.
Moment: It is the amount of moving effect which is gained for action of turning force.
Stress: It is the force that can prevent equal & opposite force. That means, it is the preventing force.  If one force acts on outside of a material, then a reactive force automatically acts to protest that force. The amount of reactive force per unit area is called stress. e.g. Tensile Stress, Compressive Stress, Thermal Stress.

Strain: If a force acts on a substance, then in that case if the substance would deform. Then the amount of deformation per unit length of that substance is called strain.

Spring: It is one type of device which is being distorted under certain amount of load & also can also go to its original face after the removal of that load. Its function:

• To store energy.
• To absorb energy.
• To control motion of two elements.

Stiffness: Load per unit deflection. The amount of load required to resist the deflection.

Specific Weight: Weight per unit volume of the fluid.
Specific Volume: Volume per unit mass of the fluid.

Specific Gravity: It is the ratio of specific weight of required substance to specific weight of pure water at 4 degree centigrade temperature.
Specific heat: The amount of heat required to increase 1 unit temperature of 1 unit mass.

Viscosity:

• Dynamic Viscosity: The amount of resistance of one layer of fluid over other layer of fluid.
• Kinematic Viscosity: It is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density.

Buoyancy: When a body is immersed in a liquid, it is lifted up by a force equal to weight of liquid displaced by the body. The tendency of liquid to lift up an immersed body is buoyancy. The upward thrust of liquid to lift up the body is called buoyancy force.
Bernoulli's Equation:
P/γ +V²/2g +Z = Constant
Where, P = pressure,V = velocity,Z = Datumn Head

Devices for fluid:

• Venturimeter: It measures discharge of fluid.
• Notches : It measures discharge of fluid.
• Orifice meter: It measures discharge of fluid.
• Pitot tube : It measures velocity of fluid.

Mach Number: It is the ratio of the velocity of fluid to the velocity of
sound.
M=1 ----------------- Sonic flow
M> (1-6) ----------- Super-Sonic flow
M>6 ---------------- Hyper-Sonic flow

Fluid discharge/Fluid flow: Quantity of fluid flowing per second. (through a section of pipe/ through a section of channel)
Q=AV
where, V= velocity of fluid,A= cross-sectional area of pipe/channel
Note: 1m³ = 1000 L1 cusec = 1 ft³/sec1 ft = 0.3048 m.

Hydraulic Machine:
Turbine,Pump,Compressor etc.
Draft tube:
It attaches with reaction turbine . Its function is to reduce energy loss from reaction turbine & it also reduce pressure at outlet which is must blow the atmospheric pressure.

Themodynamics Law:

• Zeroth Law
• First Law of Thermodynamic
• Second Law of thermodynamic

Zeroth Law: If two body are in thermal equilibrium with a third body then these two body are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
First Law of Thermodynamics: In a closed system, work deliver to the surrounding is directly proportonal to the heat taken from the surrounding.And also, In a closed system, work done on a system is directly proportonal to the heat deliver to the surrounding.
Second Law of Thermodynamics: It is impossible to make a system or an engine which can change 100 percent input energy to 100 percent output.

Entropy: It is a thermodynamic property.
ds = dq/T
where, ds = change of entropy, dq = change of heat,
T = Temperature.
In adiabatic process, entropy can not change. Actually,lacking or mal-adroitness of tranfering energy of a system is entropy.

Calorific Value of fuel:
It us the total amount of heat obtained from burning 1 kg solid or liquid fuel.
Boiler/Steam

• Generator: It is a clossed vessel which is made of steel. Its function is to transfer heat to water to generate steam.
• Economiser: It is a part of boiler. Its function is to heat feed water which is supplied to boiler.
• Superheater: It is a part of boiler. Its function is to increase temperature of steam into boiler.
• Air-Preheater: It is a part of boiler. Its funtion is to preheats the air to be supplied to furnace and it recover heat from exhaust gas.
• Boler Draught: It is an important term for boiler. It is the difference of pressure above and below the fire grate. This  pressure difference have to maintain very carefully inside the bolier. It actually maintaind the rate of steam generation. This depends on rate of fuel burning. Inside the boiler rate of fuel burning is maintained with rate of entry fresh air. If proper amount of  fresh air never entered into the boiler, then proper amount of fuel inside the boiler never be  burnt. So, proper fresh air enters into the boiler only by maintaining boiler draught.

Nozzle: Nozzle is a duct of varying cros-sectional area. Actually, it is a passage of varying cross-sectional area. It converts steam's heat energy into mechanical energy. It is one type of pipe or tube that carrying liquid or gas. Scavenging: It is the process of removing burnt gas from combustion chamber of engine cylinder.
Supercharging: Actually, power output of engine depends on what amount of air enter into the engine through intake manifold. Amount of entry aiy if increased, then must be engine speed will increased. Amount of air  will be increased by increasing inlet air density. The process of increasing inlet air density is supercharging. The device which is used for supercharging is called supercharger.Superchargeris driven by a belt from engine crakshaft. It is installed in intake system. Turbocharging: Turbocharging is similar to the supercharging. But in that case tubocharger is installed in exhaust system whereas supercharger is installed in intake system. Turbocharger is driven by force of exhaust gas. Generally, turbocharger is used for 2-stroke engine by utilizing exhaust energy of the engine, it recovers energy otherwise which would go waste..
Governeor: Its function id to regulate mean speed of engine when there are variation in the load. If load incrases on the engine, then engine's speed must decrease. In that case supply of working fluid have to increase. In the otherway, if load decrease on the engine, then engine' speed must increase. In that case supply of working fluid have to decrease.Governor automatcally, controls the supply of working fluid to the engine with varying load condition.

Flywheel: It is the one of the main parts of the I.C. engine. Its main function id to store energy in the time of working stroke or expansion stroke. And, it releasesenergy to the crankshaft in the time of suction stroke, compression stroke & exhaust stroke. Because, engine has only one power producing stroke.

Rating of fuel:
S.I. Engine:
Octane number. Octane number indicates ability of fuel to resist knock.
C.I. Engine:
Cetane Number. Cetane number indicates ability of ignition of diesel fuel. That means, how much fast ignites diesel fuel.

Stoichiometric ratio: It is the chemically correct air-fuel ratio by volume. By which theoratically sufficient oxygen will be gotten to burn all combustible elements in fuel completely.

Heat Transfer:  It is a science which deals with energy transfer between material bodies as a result of temperature difference.There are three way to heat transfer such as-Conduction Convection  Radiation.

Thermal Conductivity: It is the quantity of heat flows between two parts of solid material by conduction. In this case following consideration will be important fact-
Time------ 1 sec
Area of that solid material-------- 1 m²
Thickness of that solid material------ 1m
Temperature difference between two parts of that material------ 1k

Heat Exchanger: It is one type of device which can transfer heat from one fluid to another fluid. Example- Radiator, intercooler, preheater, condenser, boiler etc.
Refrigeration: It is the process of removing heat from a substance. Actually, extraction of heat from a body whose temperature is already below the temperature of its surroundings.
1 tonne of refrigeration: It is amount of refrigeration effect or cooling effect which is produced by uniform melting of 1 tonne ice in 24 hours from or at 0 degree centigrade or freezing 1 tonne water in 24 hours from or at 0 degree centigrade.

Humidification: It is the addition of moisture to the air without change dry bulb temperatur.
Dehumidification: It is the removal of moisture from the air without change dry bulb temperature.

Gear Train: Meshing of two or more gear. It can transmit power from one shaft to another shaft.
Heat Treatment: Operation involving heating and cooling of a metal in solid state for obtaining desirable condition without being changed chemical composition.Its object- increase hardness of metal.increase quality of metal ( heat, corrosion,wear resistance quality ) improve machinability.

Ferrous Metal:
1. Cast Iron - (2-6.67)%C, Si, Mn, P, S
2. Steel - (0-2)%C
3. Wrought Iron - 99.5% Fe
Non-Ferrous Metal:
1. Brass - (Cu+Zn)
2. Bronze -
(Sn+Cu) ------ Tin Bronze
(Si+Cu) ------- Silicon Bronze
(Al+Cu) ------- Aluminum Bronze

Allowance:
It is the difference between basic dimension of mating parts. That means, minimum clearance between mating parts that can be allowed.

Tolerance: It is the difference between upper limit of dimension. It is also the permissible variation above and below the basic size. That means maximum permissible variation in dimensions.

Clearance: It is the difference in size between mating parts. That means, in that case the outside dimension of the shaft is less than internal dimension of the hole.
Stiffness: It is the ability to resist deformation.

Toughness: It is the property to resist fracture.

Fatigue: When a material is subjected to repeated stress below yield point stress, such type of failure is fatigue failure.

Nuclear Fission: It is a nuclear reaction by which one big nucleous divided into two or more nucleous.

Nuclear Fussion: It is also a nuclear reaction by which one big nucleous will produced by adding two small nucleous.

Welding: It is the process of joining two similar or dissimilar metal by fusion.

Arc Welding -* need D.C current
* produced (6000-7000) Degree Centegrade Temperature
Gas Welding -
* Oxy - acetylene flame join metals
* Oxygen & acetylene gas works
* produced 3200 Degree Centegrade Temperature
Machine Tool: It is the power driven tool. It cut & form all kinds of metal parts.
Example - 1. Lathe2. Drill Press3. Shaper4. Planer5.Grinding6. Miling7. Broaching8. Boring
Cutting Tool: Tool Materials for Cutting Tool:
1. High Carbon Steel
2. High Speed Steel (W+Cr+V)
3. Carbide (W Carbide+Ti Carbide+Co Carbide)
Indexing: It is the method of dividing periphery of job into equal number of division. Actually, it is the process of dividing circular or other shape of workpiece into equal space, division or angle.

Jig: It is one type of device which hold & locate workpiece and also guide & control cutting tool. It
uses in drilling, reaming and tapping.
Fixture: It is one type of device which hold and locate workpiece. It uses in miling, grinding, planning & turning.

Mechanical Engineering:Prospects, Future andInstitutes in India

Mechanical engineering is one of oldest branch of engineering and this course is available in almost all engineering colleges across India. Mechanical engineering is really a broad field of engineering because of its application. It has application right from manufacturing plants, vehicles, ships, robots, heating and cooling systems, aircrafts, even in medical devices.

During the first year of Mechanical Engineering Degree students learn common engineering methods, mathematics, physics, chemistry and engineering design. From second they are exposed to specialized subjects like mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, materials science, energy…etc. Mechanical Engineering students after graduation will have the knowledge of these engineering concepts and will be ready to use them for industry.

Mechanical Engineering have good prospects in industry as well as higher studies. Mechanical Engineering jobs don’t mean to work in a workshop like a labor. There are plenty of office work and because of vast application of computers in mechanical engineering. All designing and manufacturing process is automated and computerized. Therefore the job profile for mechanical engineering is almost similar to a computer engineer.

Every top university offering engineering courses have mechanical engineering and there is lot of research going on in very specialized fields of Mechanical Engineering. You can see a good amount of requirement for PhD and research students abroad.

Core Companies offering Mechanical Engineering
Jobs: ISRO, DRDO, Indian Railway, ABB, TATA Motors, General Motors, Fiat, Reliance Industries,
Reliance Power Ltd, Asoka Leyland, Mahindra and Mahindra to name few.
Average Salary: 2.5~3.5 Lakh Rupees per annum

Institutes offering Mechanical Engineering Courses:

All IITs
All NITs
Almost All State universities and Private Engineering colleges
All Deemed universities

Mechanical Engineering – Final Year Project Ideas

Benefits of final year project

Your final year project (BE or ME) can help you in the following ways:
1. You can increase your overall percentage by scoring 90 to 95% marks through a good project.
2. An industry-oriented project can add extra weight age to your resume and help you get a good job in the core mechanical industry.
3. A technically good project can give you an added advantage if you are planning for higher studies in US, UK, Germany etc.

Hence, make your final-year project valuable even if it takes a little more time and effort.

Choose the right industry
You can choose one of the following industries for your project:
Aerospace, Automobile, Marine, HVAC, Oil & Gas, Industrial, Turbo-machines, Machine-tools, Appliances etc.

Choose the right type
You can choose one of the following types:

a. Experimental Projects:
a.i. This type of projects need good lab-facilities and hi-tech instruments for measuring your experimental set-up accurately. Only IITs and IISc have such facilities. Students from Tier II and private colleges try their best but mostly end-up in cooking-up the results or change the project at the last moment due to non-availability of the above facilities.

a.ii. Also it involves more time and cost for setting up the project for those students who are already tightly scheduled with final-exams or campus interviews.

a.iii. This type is feasible for those who don’t have such constraints.

b. Design Projects:
a.i. CAE Projects – Stress analysis, dynamic analysis etc. of aero, auto or mechanical systems can be done through these projects. New design, Improving performance, optimization can be accomplished. FEM based software like ANSYS, NASTRAN, RADIOSS, HYPERMESH etc. can be used.

a.ii. CFD Projects – Flow analysis, Thermal analysis, Aerodynamics improvement are the typical projects. This uses software like FLUENT, STAR-CCM+ are used for CFD analysis.

a.iii. Flexibility and accuracy are the major advantages in this type of projects.
a.iv. However it needs some additional training

Job Opportunities

Interviewers give more weight age for good projects.
CAE or CFD projects in Aerospace and automobile systems have more job opportunities in India, US, Europe and Japan. At the same time HVAC, Oil & Gas, Marine have good opportunities in Gulf.
Choose a RELEVANT project. Go ahead and choose the right project using the above factors. All the best….

Some Project Titles.

1. CFD projects in Automobile Industry
2. Design Optimization of Diesel Engine Manifold using CFD Simulations
3. Improving the mileage of a passenger car through aerodynamics re-design using CFD Techniques
4. CFD projects in Aerospace Industry
5. Prediction and minimization of drag on an aircraft wing using CFD Analysis
6. Design of aircraft safety systems using CFD analysis
7. CAE project in Automobile Industry
8. Design optimization of chassis of a truck using CAE analysis
9. Redesign of a suspension system for passenger car using CAE analysis
10. CAE project in Aerospace Industry
11. Design optimization of nose-cone frame of an aircraft using CAE analysis
12. Performance optimization of wing-box of an aircraft using CAE analysis

More projects…

http://www.techzilon.com/aps.html

The choice of the industry can be based on your interest or based on future job-opportunities.

Purchase NPTEL Courses in DVDs

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So in case you want to buy any course, even other than mechanical engineering

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