IES all I know; How to start!

By Aditi Saini

This is for people who are still in their colleges or even jobs and don't have time/money for coaching. IES is not only for coaching guys,i truly believe that!

1) Take a print of ESE your branch syllabus and paste it on your wall. Memorize it.  It is work half done. (Don't ignore or skip it! Please )

2) Buy a thin formula copy, color pens and a thicker ones for each subject.

3) Preferable pattern:

1. Read Notes: First reading,casually. It takes time to absorb the new words. In second reading,try to associate technical words with their meaning. In third refine, go deeper find the implications,applicability of the concept.
2. Read book. Notes only give simplified version.Books is where you build your knowledge.Follow the rule of repeated reading given in step 1.
3. Write concepts in your own words (Notes copy). This is the most crucial step,where you internalise the knowledge gained and put it into tangible form. Consider it your memory/thought tank from Harry potter.
4. Attack solved questions(with your own bare hands and calculators,no cheating) Got struck? Don't worry, Go to step 3,2,1,in same order. Update your own notes copy,if you find anything missing. Look at the solved question,compare.
5. Write formulas/units/tips down( Formula copy) Again a vital component of your preparation. Without formula copy,you are a soldier in foreign territory without a map. You might not use it or read it but you can explore it whenever you get lost.
6. Try to solve unsolved questions. We read,we forget,we write,we forget, but we do, we remember. Visualise the neural connections in your brain being made when you struggle with the application of the concepts you just read. These will help you fight questions in exam.
7. Mark the ones you find interesting These are your enemies which will destroy you in battlefield until conquered. Encounter them,before you go to battlefield. After all you want to save time for new enemies in exam.

At any point if time,don't get frustrated. Pick up yourself and hit again,this time real hard,harder than the last time.

Perseverance is the key.

 

Okay, one more quote I read which helped me in my preparation.

Support

During their mechanical engineering degree program,

During their mechanical engineering degree program, many of the students are usually interested in doing mini projects and final year projects related to design and manufacturing.  Here I have suggested a list of mechanical engg projects for students:

1. Design/manufacture a sugar dispenser: You will find many tea and coffee dispensers at different places. Why not introduce a sugar dispenser as well? This sugar dispenser can be used to mix sugar in a more hygienic condition with minimum sugar waste. In this mechanical engineering design project idea, you need to design a sugar dispenser with full automatic control. This sugar dispenser will be used to pour tea into cups and can be placed alongside tea dispensers.

2. Design a multipurpose chair/table: Design a multipurpose chair/table which can be converted to a table or a chair as needed. Using mechanical engineering design techniques you need to design this product which users can fold into a chair or even a table as required. This is actually 2 in 1 type product. This product if properly developed can also be sold in the market.

3. Design a machine to produce power from canals: Water in most of the canals has a lot of energy. Why not use this energy for some useful purpose? Think of some product or machine which you can install on a canal to generate energy and electricity from running water. This mechanical design project can be very useful in rural areas of developing countries.

4. Design a multi-direction wind turbine: Design a wind turbine which can operate in any wind direction but rotates in the same direction. Whatever the direction of the wind is, it must operate in same direction. These kinds of wind turbines are very useful in hill stations and mountainous areas where wind comes in from different directions at same time. So all this wind from different direction can then be used to operate this turbine in a same direction.

5. Design a robot for spraying: In this mechanical engineering design project you need to design a robot for spraying purposes using a remote. This is also related to robotics projects in mechanical engineering. Movement of robot can be defined and controlled using a robot.

6. Design a mobile phone holder for cars: In this design project, engineering students can design a product which can be installed on car doors or dash board and which is capable of holding mobile phones and charging them.

I have suggested these mechanical engg design projects after detailed discussion with industry experts and professors. Kindly discuss these projects with your college professors as well. Keep visiting this mechanical engineering vision website for more new and latest projects.

Thermal mechanical engineering projects (thermodynamics)

After proper guidance from senior professors and experts, i have created following list of projects :

1. Calculate heat generation and refrigeration capacity: This mechanical engineering project idea is related to thermodynamics and heat transfer. You need to calculate heat generation and refrigeration capacity within any factory or shopping mall or even in your own campus building. Then after performing complete analysis on these factors you need to suggest improvements in building design and other factors which will minimize heat generated and humidity within a building.

2. Make a steam powered rocket boat: Do you know how a rocket propels itself? Hot gases burn out and rocket propels further. Why not use this phenomenon in making a rocket boat which uses steam/boiled water or even hot gases to propel the boat onto water.

3. Manufacture solar powered oven and cookers: Design and manufacture solar powered cookers with more efficiency for use in remote areas of developing countries. This thermal mechanical engineering project is purely related to thermodynamics. Students who are interested in engineering projects related to thermodynamics should undertake this project in order to understand complete concepts of the subject as well as heat transfer.

4. Design and analysis of a virtual refrigerator: In this thermal mechanical project you need to Design a virtual refrigerator in any CAD utility and perform complete analysis using ANSYS or any other software on performance of using different refrigerants. This virtual environment will help save millions of dollars spent on making labs for understanding performance of different refrigerants used within refrigerators.

5. Design a fish aquarium with automatic control: In this thermodynamics project mechanical engineering students are required to design an aquarium for fish with automatic control of temperature according to the weather and temperate in the environment.

6. Automatic fire fighting robot/Machine: Design small scale robots or machines which can be installed in different buildings and shopping malls in order to avoid accidental fire in any building. This mechanical engineering project is related to thermodynamics and manufacturing courses. It will help save many accidents which cause great financial loss due to fire caught within any building during night.

I hope you will like these thermal mechanical engineering project ideas.

Automobile project ideas for mechanical engineering students

I would like to share some automobile project ideas for mechanical engineering students:

1. Improvements in diesel engine for less emission of CO2: Obtain a used diesel engine from your engine lab in your campus or you may also get it from any sponsor. You task is to measure the percentage of hazardous gases which emit from engine exhaust then you have to reduce that percentage to a minimum level. Think about the improvements which you can make into that diesel engine which can reduce emission of dangerous gases which cause pollution to the environment. This is a hot issue and research topic these days. Get yourself involved into this research and maybe you can reduce a little bit of it and play your part in saving the world. You can work initially on reducing percentage of CO2 emitted or you can choose any other emission gas. This project will help you in understanding all diesel engine working procedures in detail. Hint: Record you readings in excel sheets and develop macros to sort out data in a desired form.

2. Create a device or make changes in speed meter to warn next oil change required: Changing engine oil and filter on time helps improve efficiency and performance of an engine. Exactly when a car owner requires changing engine oil? There is no such device to warn next engine oil change. It’s usually done manually. So in this mechanical engineering automobile related project, you can manufacture a device to warn next oil change required. This will help improve efficiency of the automobile.

3. Create a low price car jack: Create a low price and small scale edition of a hydraulic car jack in order to minimize human effort and risks. Most of the car jacks used these days are scissor car jacks with mechanical threads which require a lot of human energy and cause many accidents frequently. So in this automobile project you are required to manufacture a small scale hydraulic jack for cars which are cheap to buy and require less effort to use. Fluid energy can be used which will minimize human effort to a great level

4. Design/manufacture more efficient mudguards for cars: In this mechanical engineering project idea, you need to design special mudguards with improved efficiency. Use any mechanical engineering software or CAD/CAM setup to design these mudguards. Make them more elastic and more strengthened to survive from any hard materials on roads or in mud

5. Create a small carriage for shopkeepers or grocery store owners from bike engine: Convert your motorcycle into a more useful carriage for medium shop businesses. Take into account all the weight requirements and safety measures while making this device. Perform complete structural analysis before finalizing your product. This is very helpful for developing countries. It will provide a great carriage for small to medium scale shopkeepers to carry their stock from market with less fuel consumption and at economical cost

6. Create a device to insert into exhaust system of a car to convert hazardous gases into environment friendly liquids and gases: In this mechanical project which is related to automobile exhaust system, you need to create a device which can be inserted into exhaust section of any car. This device should be capable of converting CO2 and other hazardous gases into environment friendly liquids or gases through some chemical reactions.

I hope you like these project ideas for mechanical engineering students. Discuss these automobile projects and ideas with your professors and advisors in your colleges and departments and start working on them. You will find these projects very helpful in understanding mechanical engineering and automobile engineering concepts.

Final Year Mechanical Engineering Projects

Here I have compiled some great ideas for final year mechanical engineering projects at undergraduate level. These final year mechanical engineering projects are just an idea of what you can do. You can always increase or decrease the scope of a project and make any changes according to your requirements.

1. An Automated Umbrella:

Design an automated umbrella with sunlight sensors such that the umbrella opens automatically in sun light and closes in the evening. These types of automatic umbrellas are used in mosques, parks, beaches and open air cafeterias etc. Main objectives of your project will include:

• Sketch out of conceptual design.
• Designing and assembling of every part in Pro-Engineer.
• Analyse the model for motor/hydraulic system requirements.
• Structural, thermal and drag force analyses of umbrella
• Structural Analysis in Pro Mechanical for design robustness.
• Manufacturing of a prototype for illustration.

2. Power production from waste air of exhaust fans at Textile Mill

Design, Analysis and Fabrication of Modular Type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) for a Textile Unit. Installation and Testing of the VAWT will be accomplished to generate power from waste air emitting from exhaust fans located in the Power House of the Textile Unit. The waste air recovered will be utilized as a source to drive the wind turbine blades. As such the power generated must be sufficient enough to meet the internal lighting requirements of the mill. Main objectives of this final year mechanical engineering project will include:

• Install a wind turbine in front of exhaust fans.
• Entirely new concept of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine.
• The Objectives include design, Analysis (on ANSYS), Manufacturing, Testing and Installation at the Textile Mill.
• Perform Static and Dynamic Analysis on ANSYS.

3. Power Production from Biogas using Sewage Wastes by Solar Energy

Main objectives of this mechanical engineering project will include:

• Design and Fabrication of Biogas Digester.
• Design and Fabrication of Solar Reflector.
• Checking composition of Biogas collected through Gas Analyser.
• Design and Fabrication of Up gradation Apparatus for Biogas.
• Power Generation from purified Biogas

4. Thermo-Hydraulic Design of Evaporator for Low Temperature Organic Rankine Cycle

The aim of the project is to develop software for Thermo-Hydraulic Design of Evaporator of Organic Rankine Cycle which utilizes the low grade waste heat available in process industries and renewable energy resources. Organic Rankine Cycle is a cycle that generates electricity from low temperature waste heat. Evaporator is a heat exchanger, essential to any power plant. Development of a computer program to carry out thermal and hydraulic design of the evaporator.

5. Design Standardization and Fabrication of Micro-Hydro Cross Flow Turbine

This final year mechanical engineering project will include:

• Vital link in the chain of solutions to deal with the problem of providing electricity to off-grid locations in rural areas and ensure off-shelf availability of CFT.
• Model and Design “Cross flow turbine” on PRO/E and performed CFX analysis.
• Engineering drawings and Designing of Shaft, Bearing and belt Selection

I hope mechanical engineering students will like these mechanical project ideas.

Things every Mechanical Engineer must know

1. NEVER loan out your copies of: Machinery’s Handbook Shigley’s Mechanical  Engineering Design Making Things Move: DIY Mechanisms for Inventors, Hobbyists, and Artists (okay this one is a shameless plug, but my friend told me it’s “destined to be be a classic of sorts” so you can blame him)

2. Project planning follows the rule of pi. Take how much time you think you can complete something in, multiply it by pi, and that will be the actual length of time it takes.

3. Parkinson’s Law: Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion. Don’t give yourself too much time for a project or it will never get done. Speaking of done, check out The Cult of Done Manifesto. If it weren’t for the last minute, nothing would ever get done.

4. Everything is a spring.

5. If it moves and it shouldn’t, use duct tape. If it doesn’t move and it should, use WD-40.

6. Document everything you do. Someone will ask you to justify your design at some point, and “it kind of sort of looked right” is never a good answer. This is especially true on collaborative projects. The group will forget who did what and it will make going back and changing things that much harder.

7. Design is an iterative process. The necessary number of iterations is one more than the number you have currently done. This is true at any point in time.

8. Ask questions. If you don’t know something, say so. Your credibility as an engineer lies not in being infinitely intelligent, but in knowing how to get at the right resources to figure it out. If you cheat, people will die.

9. Designing for disassemble is just as important as design for assembly. It will never work the first time you put it together. Oh, and make sure that everywhere there is a screw, there is a place for a screwdriver to install it. And for a hand to fit around said screwdriver.

10. Business will always be a part of engineering. Don’t work for free (unless you really want to) and don’t work without a contract. Don’t design a better mousetrap THEN expect someone to want it. The products that sell the best are not necessarily the ones that are technologically superior.

11. Design is based on requirements. There’s no justification for designing something one bit “better” than the requirements dictate. Better is the enemy of good enough. Get it done then go play outside.

12. Engineering is done with numbers. Analysis without numbers is only an opinion.

13. Be friendly and talk to your machinist and/or shop techs. You may have a fancier title or degree, but that does not make you better. A short conversation on how to make a part more easily machinable/moldable/etc. can save thousands of dollars and make you both look good. You may even learn something.

 

Classes every mechanical engineer should take.

The first class is machining, which should be fairly apparent from my title. I think all mechanical engineering students should learn how to machine something. Or, as MEs say, learn how to make chips. There are several reasons for this.

1. Mechanical engineers should be able to build things and know how things are built. In the real world, MEs probably aren’t going to be machining parts 24/7. However, they should know how something is machined and what processes they can use to machine stuff to better design parts/components/systems etc. It also will give MEs an appreciation for good designs that are easily machined.
2. Machining doesn’t require advanced math/physics skills. If students are coming in without AP credit and are following the course schedule, their first two to three semesters are Calc I, Calc II, Calc III, Physics I, Physics II, Chem, Writing, etc. For basic machining, you don’t need any of that. A machining course is perfect for a 1st year class because it has no prerequisites. And, it’s not a course that’s time consuming outside of class, relative to the Calcs, Physics, and Chems. So it’s not going to over-burden students.
3. It’s a good class to retain students or even draw students into ME programs. I know most of the first year classes are the so-called weed-out classes. At DrWife’s UG university, they called freshman engineers “pre-business” because so many drop out. While I don’t think fundamentally that everyone should be able to do engineering and people without the math skills even less so, a machining course is a good way to bridge that gap between theory and application. Yes, there’s this advanced calc and physics that can be difficult at times. But, you also get to build cool shit with your own hands. Someone who is on the fence may not hop over because of such a course.
4. Feedback from senior/grad students is that they want/need this in the curriculum to find competitive jobs. Several students I’ve spoken to say they have a competitive disadvantage over other students from other universities because they never had a machining course nor a project that they build with their own hands. They say that trying to describe to your potential future boss that you’re a really good mechanical engineer but you’ve never built anything during your undergraduate program is an oxymoron. If students can see that dilemma, why can’t we, as supposedly advanced educators with higher degrees, see that as well?

So, a machining course in a ME program, makes sense right? How about my second course that every ME should take? Wait for it…

There are some other courses that I think are useful as well. They are:

1. Computer Aided Drafting

(I don’t know how many time I’ve seen this skill listed on job posting. My suggestion is to learn Pro-E, AutoCAD, and SolidWorks. They are the three most widely use and if you can’t use any of these program well, it’ll be difficult to get any ME jobs)

2. Material Selection in Mechanical Design

(highly useful for any design work you’ll be doing in the future)

3. Strength of Materials

(I highly recommend keeping the textbook and notes for this course.)

4. Heat Transfer

(I highly recommend keeping the textbook and notes for this course.)

5. Technical Writing Course

(Very useful, not just for graduate school research papers, but for design or meeting reports for future work).

These courses apply most to design engineering. I might be missing a few courses, but definitely should make a note of these.

 

I will also  recommend the following in order of importance..

1. Experience with prototyping in lathe machine, at least the knowledge of the process flow. Most important because modeling in software is easy, not making it in real life.

2. Software for solid modeling - Solidworks (easy to learn, lots of tutorials available)

3. Good knowledge of basic mechanics, strength of materials or fluid mechanics and mechanism design.

4. Presentation skills - Microsoft Excel, Powerpoint, Word, LaTeX

5. FEM or CFD and software - Ansys/Abaqus/Comsol

6. Numerical methods with Programming - MATLAB/C++/Mathematica/Python

Why engineers are not getting job offers?Ever thought why engineers are not getting joboffers?

There are so many reasons behind every rejection. It takes time to learn skills which are required for successful job interviews. Every day I get so many messages from confused fresh graduates and engineers from all over the world who ask me to help then in getting a job. From these messages, it is very clear that they are trying hard to reach out to fellow engineers and they are putting their best efforts in finding a job. But all these efforts are in WRONG direction. Here I would like to share some common reasons of interview rejection and why engineers are not getting job offers.

I have gone through all these phases of life. It hard to understand all these reasons at start of career but over time you start to realize your mistakes. Here i would share my personal experiences. Not preparing for interview I have seen many candidates who do not prepare for interviews. Interview is just like an exam, if you do not prepare, you will fail. Preparation for an interview includes looking for answers to common engineering interview questions, revising basic concepts of mechanical engineering courses, and dressing up properly for interview. General format of CV for all jobs I have seen many candidates who have a general format of CV to apply for all type of jobs. A good engineer will always make changes to his CV according to job description. Applying for too many posts in same organization/ company
Recently we are short listing engineering candidates for job interviews in my company. I have noticed so many candidates who applied for all positions with same CV. Is it logical applying for Manager Operations, Assistant manager operations, Assistant manager admin and Assistant operations at the same time? We rejected many candidates for this reason. Always be crystal clear about job position that you want to apply for.
Standing out too much Only add relevant information to your CVs and portfolio. Adding too much colors, extra information and irrelevant skills will not make any difference.
What is in it for me?
Always ask questions from your interviewer. Try to learn what is in this job for you? What opportunities of learning do you have? Is it suitable for you? This will help you decide whether the company is right for you.
Interview answers
Always prepare for potential common interview questions. Many engineers do not get job offers because they do not give satisfactory answers to some tricky questions. During all interviews, some
questions are of general nature while some questions are of technical nature.
Overconfidence
Overconfidence simply kills.
Lack of job information
Lack of job information and knowledge about possible job description gives a very bad impression about candidate. I once applied for a job position in a company dealing with water treatment plants. Reason for my rejection was that I could not explain how I would become a contributing member to this company because I was unaware of job description.
Non-confidence in employers’ recruitment procedure
Always show confidence in employers’ recruitment procedure. If they have called you for an interview, it means they are trying hard to do it on merit.
Always speak truth
Always speak truth. Those who are interviewing you, are experienced enough to catch false information through discussions.
Be yourself, be original
As simple as that: Be yourself, be original

What do Mechanical Engineers do?

Scientists dream about doing great things. Engineers do them.”

-James A. Michener

Engineers solve complex problems for society. Mechanical engineers create and build mechanical devices. They apply the fundamentals of science and math to create practical, useful solutions that the rest of us can use.
The diverse mechanical engineering field can be divided in a variety of ways in terms of job functions. Some of the most common functions relate to these areas of technology, but not all do. Among these fields are:

• Product Design -- developing products ranging from biomedical devices to gasoline-powered engines. A mechanical engineer designs anything that uses mechanical motion.
• Research and Development -- discovering new solutions to human needs or improving older methods.
• Manufacturing -- developing the machines that process materials into products. Designing and building machines and systems of machines that improve operating efficiency is of prime importance.
• Systems management -- overseeing operations of a large system, such as a power plant, as well as supervising the people who work there.
• Energy -- planning how energy is generated, stored, and moved. Industries that produce and deliver electrical power, such as natural gas, oil and alternative energy, employ mechanical engineers to develop more fuel-efficient cars, motors, and appliances.

In most of these fields, the mechanical engineer is concerned with heat utilization or machine design--in other words, harnessing or creating energy. Heat utilization techniques are applied in boilers, air conditioners, and refrigeration units. Machine design is more focused on hardware, including automobile engines, computers, and washing machines.

Problems faced in your final year project and ways to avoid them

Your academic project would be a demanding, but an exciting learning experience. However, it is not without problems which, if not identified and addressed, could seriously effect the final result and ultimately reduce your marks. Here we mentioned some of these problems and how to avoid them

The “Overachiever” Problem:

A common problem is selecting a topic that is far too ambitious for the allotted time.   Remember that you have only a few weeks to finish the design, development and testing of your project. Be careful not to select a topic that is unrealistically large.  This can lead to frustration as well as errors caused by “cutting corners” and hurrying through the implementation.  Discuss with your supervisor the scale of what you are planning.  If he or she thinks it may be too large, consider implementing the project in stages, each complete in itself.  When stage I is working move on to stage II.  If you do not finish stage II, however, you still have a functioning system.

The “Do It Tomorrow” Problem:

The project weeks alloted for completion sounds like a long time, but it goes by quickly.  You need an implementation schedule that allocates reasonable amounts of work throughout the entire semester. Then you must stick to that schedule.  Don’t be tempted to postpone work on the project because your due date seems so far off.  All that happens is that during the final few weeks you rush madly to get something working, and project implemented in a rush rarely works correctly!

The “Sleeping Member” Problem:

In the ideal world, all team members have equal ability, equal interest in the problem, and work equally hard.  In the real world that may not happen.  You may have one (or more) team members who do not carry their share of the workload, not because of a lack of ability, but rather lack of interest or motivation.  This is a serious problem because, although part of your marks is based on each individual’s effort, another part is based on successfully finishing the project.  A non-contributing team member can slow down or prevent completion of the work.  If you have a teammate who is not doing his or her share of the work, talk to them and stress the importance of everyone doing their job.  If this does not solve the problem then talk to your supervisor.  Don’t let the failure of others prevent you from completing the work and receiving good marks.

The “Poop Out At The End” Problem:

You have worked hard for many weeks to complete the project. You have spent many late nights and chased down hundreds of bugs, but it is now working, so are you done?  Absolutely not!  The project evaluation is not based only on the programs you develop but also on your written reports and oral presentations.  Even though you may be “burned out” from implementation, remember there is still work to do. Don’t produce a poorly witten paper or give a poorly organized presentation.  That will negate much of your good work. Put in the time needed to prepare both a well written, high-quality final report and a well organized, polished presentation. A good job on these last steps will insure that you receive the marks that fairly represents the work you have done.

Tips for Perfect Final Year Project

For an effective project, it is advisable to carry out the following activities

• Defining the objectives of the project.
•  Acquiring background information about the problem and its possible solutions.
• Establishing the criteria by which your solution(s) to the problem will be judged.
• Determining by what process the work will be carried out.
• Planning the detailed phases of the project.
• Adopting one or more design methodologies.Analysing requirements.
• Using (or constructing) tools.
• Construction of one or more artefacts (hardware, software, document).
• Evaluating your solution to the problem.Reporting on your work.
  
  
  Whatever the nature of the problem you set out to solve, the conclusion of your project should be whether you solved it successfully or not.

Quotes

The monogram of our national initials, which is the symbol for our monetary unit, the dollar, is almost as frequently conjoined to the figures of an engineer's calculations as are the symbols indicating feet, minutes, pounds, or gallons. … This statement, while true in regard to the work of all engineers, applies particularly to that of the mechanical engineer..

— Henry R(obinson) Towne
"We don't see the things the way they are, We see things the Way We are"- Talmund

"Opportunity is missed by most people because it is dressed in overall and looks like work"
- Thomas A Edison

Carrier as Mechanical Engineer

Introduction
Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest branches of engineering. It is also referred to as the ‘mother’ branch of engineering. Another appealing feature of mechanical engineering is that the application base of this field of study is extremely broad and diverse. Almost all inventions during the ancient period and a vast majority in the modern era are direct contributions of one or the other application of mechanics.
Traditionally, mechanical engineers have to deal with concepts such as mechanics, thermodynamics, robotics, kinematics, structural analysis, fluid mechanics and many others. These concepts are applied in the process of designing state-of-the-art manufacturing units, different types of motor vehicles, aircraft and aerospace parts and a vast assortment of industrial machinery. Mechanical engineers also contribute in the development of various engines, power plant equipment, heating and cooling systems and other simple and complex machinery.
Mechanical engineers not only design new mechanical systems but they are also responsible for testing, maintaining and manufacturing them. The aforementioned are the conventional roles and responsibilities of mechanical engineers. However, times have changed. Nowadays the scope of mechanical engineering is expanding beyond its traditional boundaries.
Mechanical engineers are focussing their attention towards new areas of research such as nanotechnology, development of composite materials, biomedical applications, environmental conservation, etc. The ever increasing scope of this particular job profile now requires professionals to get into financial and marketing aspects of product development and even into people and resource management. All in all mechanical engineering offers a wide bouquet of job options to students who are looking for a stable and stimulating career.
Step-by-Step
Passing 10+2 with PCM (Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics) is the first step you take towards becoming a professional mechanical engineer. To be eligible for a graduate programme (BE/BTech) in a college, you should have scored at least 50% marks and 60% for being eligible for IITs (Indian Institute of Technology) in 10+2 with PCM as subjects.
After this, you can sit for various entrance examinations such as:

• • The Joint Entrance Examination for IITs (IIT JEE) for admission to various IITs, NITs, IIITs, and other regional government and private colleges.
• Another option is state level entrance tests conducted by the state level authorities like WBJEE, JKCET, UPCET, JCET, APCET so  on.
• Another option is private colleges entrance exam like BITSAT, VITEE, LPUSET, MCET, so on.

Apart from these, there are hundreds of engineering colleges across the length and breadth of the country  where you can get into a graduate programme in mechanical engineering.
You can also opt for a diploma in engineering from a polytechnic. For obtaining a diploma, the basic eligibility is completion of Class 10 with 50% marks. The duration of these diploma courses is three-years for regular and four- years for part-time study.
You can also go for an associate membership qualification from the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, which is considered at par with the diploma earned from a state run polytechnic or a university degree. Another option is to earn a similar qualification offered by the Institution of Engineering (India). Diploma holders can also get direct entry into the second year of a graduate program (lateral entry).
After successful completion of the graduate program, you can go for the two-year masters program in mechanical engineering or ME/MTech. If you are interested in pursuing a post-graduate programme in mechanical engineering from any of the IITs, then you must appear for the Graduate Aptitude Test for Engineers (GATE).
These days many engineering colleges are offering a dual (BE/BTech and ME/MTech) programmes. Some other institutions are offering a combination of an engineering degree along with a management programme. In case you are interested in further studies, you can go do a PhD or even opt for a management degree from a reputed business school.
Start Early
To make mechanical engineering your chosen career path, you must have affinity for the way different machines function. This trait can be observed from early childhood when children try to tinker around with different machinery in their immediate vicinity. Such kids often tend to take apart mechanical toys, clocks, bicycles and then they try to assemble them back again.
These children are so innovative that they may even try to make new things. Here, parents have a  special role to play. They must understand that the child possesses an inquisitive mind that is interested in gaining knowledge about machinery and not in breaking or destroying things. Parents must encourage the child’s curiosity to know more about different gadgets and machines in and  round the house.
During schooling, the quest to play around with machinery increases all the more. This curiosity often culminates with the child opting for science with the PCM subject combination.
Is it the Right Career for Me?
Like other career paths, the entry into this particular branch of engineering also requires you to possess certain basic traits. First and foremost, you must have a penchant for mechanical components and machinery and how these machines work. Then you must be good at physics, chemistry and mathematics. You must also have skills such as an analytical bent of mind, logical reasoning and problem solving.
Further, you must have immense patience, physical strength, ability to work for long hours and an inventive spirit that are essential ingredients for becoming a successful mechanical engineer.
What would it Cost Me?
A graduate programme from a private engineering institution will cost you anywhere between Rs.50,000 to Rs.2,00,000 annually. However, in a reputed government run establishment such as the Indian institute of Technology (IIT) or any regional engineering college, you will have to pay an annual fees in the range of anywhere between Rs 30,000 to Rs 40,000.
Funding/Scholarship
Educational institutes offering programmes in mechanical engineering generally extend scholarships to students from socially and economically backward classes. For example, IITs waive off the complete tuition fees for students belonging to the socially backward communities. Scholarships, freeships, stipends and financial assistance are also provided to students on the basis of merit and other qualifying criteria.
Job Prospect
Since mechanical engineering is the broadest of all engineering fields, the job prospects on offer for skilled mechanical engineers are aplenty and unending. Mechanical engineers are required to design, test, manufacture, install, operate and maintain a wide array of machines and mechanical systems that are used in countless industries. These professionals can find employment both in the government and private sector undertakings.
Major industries that employ mechanical engineers include automobiles, space research, aeronautical, energy and utilities, air conditioning, bio-mechanical industry. Other major employers include giant manufacturing plants, air conditioning and refrigeration industry, turbine manufacturing plants, oil and gas exploration and refining industries and the agricultural sector.
In the government sector, mechanical engineers can provide their knowledge to various government run projects in the role of technical experts and consultants. They can also work in private engineering companies that provide technical consultancy to both government and corporate firms. These engineers can also hold high managerial positions in government as well as private sector organisations according to their field of expertise and educational qualifications.
Pay Packet
Mechanical engineering offers a wide variety of career opportunities to job aspirants. The average monthly salary of mechanical engineers who are new to this profession is approximately in the range between Rs.10,000 and Rs.25,000. Good campus placements can fetch even better packages for deserving students. Mechanical engineers who hold a post-graduate degree from a reputed academic institute tend to get better offers than diploma and degree holders.
From here on the annual pay packet depends on a number of factors such as the skill set possessed, experience, expertise, the employer, nature of roles and responsibilities, etc. Highly skilled mechanical engineers can easily command pay packets as high as Rs 40-45 lacs per annum.
Demand and Supply
There is great deman d for skilled mechanical engineers in different segments of the industry. Their expertise is required in traditional manufacturing industries such as automobiles, aviation, shipping, aerospace, power plants and machinery manufacturing. In recent times, the services of expert mechanical engineers have even been  sought in fields such as nanotechnology, biomedical engineering, energy conservation and environmental engineering.
There is also great requirement for mechanical engineer consultants who have management skills along with  technical proficiency. The primary role of such professionals is to manage both technology and people and firms that provide engineering consultancy require them. Various engineering colleges and polytechnics across the country are doing their best to meet the burgeoning demand of skilled mechanical engineering professionals.
Market Watch
The job market for mechanical engineers is perennial. Even the vagaries of the global economic crisis could not knock out the demand for these professionals in the Indian job market. Although some branches of mechanical engineering went out of focus during the meltdown period, the overall situation was much better as compared with other careers. On the brighter side, things are getting  ack
to normal and this evergreen career path is again gaining coin amongst career aspirants as it did during the pre- meltdown years.
In fact, this is a period of resurgence for mechanical engineers. They not only have countless options in the industrial sector but they can also make foray into new realms of technology and even get into management and technical consultancy.
According to a survey, mechanical engineering is amongst the most sought after branches of engineering preferred by students seeking admission to various technical institutes across India in the recent years.
International Focus
Highly qualified professionals from this field, such as post- graduates from various IITs, often seek suitable employment in foreign countries. It is not that only highly qualified mechanical engineers get opportunity to work abroad. If you are employed in a multinational company, you may also get the chance to work on offshore projects
Positives/Negatives
+ives
• There are umpteen job openings and you will not remain unemployed
• Constant involvement in the development of new components, gadgets and machines
• Innovative contribution to the new frontiers of science such as nanotechnology, biomedical engineering and environmental sciences
• Not hit by recession or global economic meltdown
-ives
• Working conditions can be adverse at times
• Deadlines and work pressure can exact a heavy toll on the body and mind
• Physically strenuous and not for the weak 
Different Roles, Different Names Mechanical engineering is considered the ‘mother’ of all branches of engineering. In this context the roles and responsibilities held by a mechanical engineer are different and depend on their area of specialisation and the industry they are working for. In broad terms, the job profile of mechanical engineers can be classified into the following functional segments:
• Research and Development (R&D): Engineers whose role is to do research and then plan for new machines and their constituent parts.
• Design: Professionals whose responsibility is to draft technical drawings, manually or with the aid of computers.
• Production: Engineers who supervise the manufacturing of mechanical components and machines.
• Analysis and testing: Engineers who analyse and test different types of machines and their parts to ensure that they function flawlessly.
• Installation: Professionals who install machines and mechanical parts at the client location.
• Maintenance: Engineers whose primary role is to ensure that machinery is working as per specifications.
Top Companies
1. Automobile and auto part manufacturers
2. Aerospace industry
3. Various Government sector undertakings
4. Aviation companies
5. Steel plants
6. Thermal plants and gas turbine manufacturers
7. Air conditioning and refrigeration industry
8. Shipping industry
9. Engineering consultancies
10. Armed forces
Tips for Getting Hired
1. It is advisable to earn a post-graduate degree in this field
2. Computer proficiency is a must these days
3. You must have excellent communication and interpersonal skills
4. A management degree further brightens your career prospects

What can I do with an engineering degree, apart from beingan engineer?

What can I do with an engineering degree, apart from being an engineer?

An engineer’s fundamental skills, such as logical thinking, problem-solving and strong numeracy, are highly desirable in many other business sectors. IT, banking, finance and consulting are just a few of the options. However, you don’t have to leave engineering to explore commercial, financial and management opportunities. Many larger engineering employers run programmes that focus on these areas of their business, for example operations management, commercial management, technical sales, finance, procurement and purchasing, supply chain management and logistics.

Read on to research a selection of your options.

Logistics

Logistics covers the physical movement of materials – the transfer of raw materials to manufacturing facilities or the distribution of products to customers – as well as all the planning and financial transactions involved in these operations. The aim is to move things around at the lowest possible cost. It covers processing and tracking orders, working with planning departments to check availability of products, forecasting to meet changes in the market, and dealing with contracted  services such as shipping.

As a logistician, you will apply your problem-solving and logical-thinking skills to problems and situations as they arise. Every situation also requires a cost-benefit analysis. You need to consider the impact of your decisions on the business as a whole, so it’s important to be able to see the bigger picture.

Good communication skills are essential.

You have to be clear and accurate in what you say to colleagues and customers, particularly when you meet resistance to changes in procedures.

Operations management

Operations management is a crucial link between the different parts of the manufacturing process and the business side of a manufacturing organisation. The role is often based around the supply chain – operations managers can be involved in anything from buying raw materials to the logistics of delivery to customers. The aim is to assess and improve the day-to-day running of, for example, a manufacturing plant, by implementing systems to increase productivity and reduce costs. You also need to plan ahead and put strategies in place for future development.

Communication and interpersonal skills are invaluable:

• you will have to work with people running the systems and processes and find quick solutions to problems based on the information you receive.

• You will use your analytical thinking to get the most from the data, and learn how to deal with problems that can have a huge impact on how processes work.

• Operations management is good for people who like to look at the business as a whole.

Patent law and intellectual property

A patent attorney is a specialized legal professional who is qualified to write, obtain and advise clients about patents and to protect the intellectual property (IP) rights in commercial products or processes. A legal background is not required, however: the essential requirement for patent law is technical expertise. Patent attorneys may deal with patents, which protect technological innovations, and with other types of IP such as registered and unregistered designs, which protect the shape and appearance of products. A patent attorney can work for a private firm or an organisation’s in-house patent department. In addition to a good degree and broad-based interest in engineering, excellent communication skills are essential, particularly written skills. You need to be comfortable dealing with clients, working to tight deadlines and handling several projects at once. There is a long training period followed by exams – it may take from three to five years to qualify.

Procurement, purchasing and buying

Procurement is the process of buying equipment and parts for projects at the right price and quality, so that they can be delivered to where they need to be at the right time. As such, procurement careers cover a wide range of activities, including: drawing up lists of preferred suppliers; choosing suppliers based on quality, price and schedule; checking progress and quality; and working with logisticians to ship the equipment to site. A wide range of skills are required to be successful.

• Orders can be worth millions of pounds, so buyers have to cost equipment accurately.Selecting a suitable vendor can involve negotiation so excellent communication skills are vital.

• Timescales are tight, so you have to think on your feet and understand what’s going on in all departments.
• An engineering background means you’ll have a technical understanding of the equipment you’re buying, so you can better estimate timescales and the impact of any changes. You may also be required to inspect equipment.

Supply chain management

Supply chain management involves managing raw materials, production lines, manufacturing processes and logistics to maintain a supply of high-quality products to customers. It’s all about perfecting the processes in the chain to provide the best service for customers, while at the same time minimizing costs and ensuring the safety of employees.

• It can be quite complex, especially within a large organization where you could be working with people from business managers to technicians, so good interpersonal skills are essential.

• To improve processes and act as a link between different parts of the process, you will need to understand the functions of other teams,  and other people’s roles.

• Analytical and investigative skills are also important for seeking out new opportunities and proposing new schemes to make the business more profitable.

• An engineering background may make it easier to pick up technical knowledge, which will help when making  business decisions.

Graduates working in supply chain roles:

Teaching, academia and lecturing

Many people are first attracted to engineering because they like applying science and using their problem-solving skills. Why not use your knowledge of these processes to help train others and turn young scientists into budding engineers? Teaching an engineering related subject enables you to look at the creative aspects of engineering and help students to develop their own problem-solving skills.

• You can use real-world examples from your degree and anytime spent in business to bring technical and scientific concepts to life.

• You will need some experience of working with children, enthusiasm for your subject, and strong communication skills.

• You could also use your engineering background to stay in academia and become a higher education lecturer,specializing in a particular area.

• You will need in-depth technical knowledge of specialist areas, as well as the ability to communicate this tooters clearly using tutorials, lectures, and practical laboratory work.

• You may also carry out personal research.

Technical Consulting

Technical consultants help organisations to solve their business problems. This could cover anything that might impact on the profitability of an organisation so, if you are interested in the broader world of business, this may be the option for you. As a new graduate, you could expect to work as part of a team, initially focusing on research.

• You will then use data analysis and statistical modelling to come up with creative solutions to business problems.

• You will need excellent analytical and communication skills to present complex information and results to clients, who will often include top management.As a trained engineer it will be easier to back up your opinions with technical knowledge and analysis.

• Your logical reasoning and problem-solving skills will be invaluable, and you will need to be comfortable dealing with numbers and large volumes of data.

• You may also need your technical knowledge to advise on the implementation of specialist technology or equipment.

Technical sales

Technical sales involves using your engineering knowledge to win future business. You will need to draw on your organisation’s expertise and skills to present innovative ideas that meet your clients’ requirements. For this, you’ll need a solid understanding of both the business and the needs of its clients. A strong engineering background is essential to be credible in technical sales –

• You need to understand any technical issues and challenges, and advise the client on how your organisation can help them.

• You will need to work with people across your organisation,  including those in research, development, design and purchasing, to ensure you have a full understanding of the product or service.

• Being disciplined and having a positive outlook will take you far in a sales environment.
  
• Most importantly, you need to be good at listening to the client, absorbing and interpreting information and then communicating it to others.

• Winning new business is what makes technical sales people tick.

Technical training

Businesses need to ensure their employees can use, sell, install and operate complex equipment and technological systems. For this, technical trainers are key – they have the technical expertise and communication skills to train workforces on topics such as technical standards, company-specific software packages, manufacturing equipment and health and safety processes.

• You may work for an agency, or be part of an internal human resources and development team.

• You will need to analyse the training needs of the organisation, and then develop technical training courses and materials suitable for all levels, from those with the most basic technical or IT knowledge, to those with high-level technical skills and engineering backgrounds.

• You will need strong presentation and organisational skills, and the ability to communicate with people of all levels.

• You will also need to keep on top of industry developments and potentially work with course providers and examining bodies to ensure the appropriate accreditation.

From a Mechanical engineering background student

Being from a Mechanical engineering background you should not be in a panic kind of  situation.See you are in your 3rd year now.Your primary focus should be now on improving the aggregate  percentage because thats very important while stepping into the corporate world. Your aggregate percentage which is 58%, doesn't seems good at present.This may trouble you severely while passing out from your college.So make sure you are improving your aggregate percentage. Now coming to your friends story.I really feel pity for that person.Why I am saying this is because being from a mechanical engineering background and getting a 5K to 6K is really very shameful.
See my intention is not to hurt you or anyone.But its really unfortunate to work with such a less salary because now a days even diploma graduate earns twice as much you have mentioned for your
senior.Anyways I am going to provide you a list of some govt sector jobs you should try for after passing out.
1> PSUs : - Some major Maharatna,Navaratna and Miniratna awarded public sector undertakings
(BHEL, NTPC, ONGC, NPCIL, GAIL, NHPC, SAIL, IOCL, CIL etc) of our country have a regular
vacancies every year.These PSUs conduct a written exam followed by an interview to hire good many number of candidates from Electrical,Mechanical,Electronics,Civil branches every year. You may start preparing for these competitive exams by enrolling yourself in some best coaching institute or by self study techniques.The notifications of such exams can be available from "employment news" on a weekly basis. But remember you have to be really good enough in your studies to be able to crack those exams. Just having surface knowledge wont help you.

2> I E S / I A S :- If you want a dream job,probably the best paid and prestigious job in our country then you should go for I.E.S or I.A.S civil service exams.These are central govt exams conducted by U.P.S.C under the guidance and supervision of Ministry of Human resource Development.You may also apply for the technical jobs conducted by staff selection commission or state public services commission to be able to join some respectable jobs in your own state.The jobs that you will be given after qualifying I.E.S / I.A.S will comprise a mixture of both managerial decisions and technical supervision.The perks and emoluments after salary is really the best.So try to crack this exam.But remember the difficulty level and syllabus for both the above mentioned exams are appreciably high.You need to have indepth knowledge regarding the subject.

3>Central Govt Wings :- Some of the Major Government wings like Telecom sectors,Indian Railway,Indian Airlines,Indian Postal services,Indian revenue services,central excise office,Income tax dept etc also do require candidate from different core streams.You are also eligible for any of these jobs also.But remember that the jobs in these sectors are more managerial oriented rather than technical oriented.But you may expect some exciting technical jobs in Telecom sector and Indian Railway.

4> GATE entrance exam: - Some oil and gas refineries, power sectors and Manufacturing companies like Power Grid, NTPC, BHEL, IOCL and BARC also provides opportunities for desperate and outstanding candidates to work for their organization. These sectors are interested in those students possessing a very handsome GATE scorecard.So if you want to get absorbed in any of
best public sector organizations then GATE exam is a must for you.Start preparing for the gate exam by enrolling yourself in some coaching institute.Currently ACE academy ,MADE EASY are successfully running institutes probably the best in providing GATE coaching.

5> Banking Sectors : - Yes this is very much true,even an Engineering graduate can also apply for clerical,PO/MT,AO,Technical officer types of posts in the banks.What you need here is just a degree certificate from a recognized institution or university with 55% marks which I am sure you have it.This sector is gaining a lot of momentum as far as modernization is concerned.Also the number of candidates to hired by the end of this  year would likely cross 2 lakhs.So there is a hell lot of opportunity in banking sector.This kind of exams are also not that difficult.Just solving few model questions will really help you get a good rank.But yeah speed is an important criteria in the exam.Hope you understand

6> Defense Sectors :- If you want a job which is challenging , prestigious and the same time related to patriotism then you have to try and qualify the exams conducted by these organization which are powered by Ministry of Defense.Well here the life is more disciplined and the perks and emoluments after salary are really good.This kind of jobs are central govt jobs with a good pay.

See the list doesn't ends here.There are many more such kind of jobs.But I have provided the best paying and reputed jobs available in our country for a mechanical engineering graduate.All the above mentioned jobs are high paid jobs in our country.So don't worry and concentrate well on your studies.There is a long way to go.
BEST OF LUCK

List of basic terms for Mechanical Engineering

1. Torque or Turning Force
2. Couple
3. Moment
4. Stress
5. Strain
6. Spring
7. Specific Weight
8. Specific Volume
9. Specific Gravity
10. Specific Heat
11. Viscosity
12. Buoyancy
13. Discharge of Fluid
14. Bernoulli's Equation
15. Device for Fluid
16. Mach Number
17. Hydraulic Machine
18. Draft Tube
19. Thermodynamics Law-

• zeroth law
• First law
• second law

20. Entropy
21. calorific value of fuel
22. Boiler/Steam Generator
23. Superheater
24. Air Preheater
25. Boiler Draught
26. Nozzle
27. Scavenging
28. Supercharging
29. Turbocharging
30. Governor
31. Flywheel
32. Rating of fuel-
S.I. engine
C.I. engine
33. Stoichiometric Mixture/ Stoichiometric Ratio
34. Heat Transfer
35. Thermal Conductivity
36. Heat Exchanger
37. Refrigeration
38. 1 tonne Refrigeration
39. Humidification
40. De humidification
41. Gear Train
42. Gyroscopic Couple
43. Heat Treatment
44. Ferrous-Metal
45. Non-ferrous metal
46. Allowance
47. Tolerance
48. Clearance
49. Stiffness
50. Toughness
51. Fatigue
52. Nuclear Fission
53. Nuclear Fusion
54. Welding
55. Machine Tool
56. Cutting Tool
57. Indexing
58. Jig
59. Fixture
Details
Torque or Turning Force: It is the total amount of force which is required to create acceleration on moving substance.

Couple: Two forces those acts on equally,parallely & oppositely on two separate points of same material.
Moment: It is the amount of moving effect which is gained for action of turning force.
Stress: It is the force that can prevent equal & opposite force. That means, it is the preventing force.  If one force acts on outside of a material, then a reactive force automatically acts to protest that force. The amount of reactive force per unit area is called stress. e.g. Tensile Stress, Compressive Stress, Thermal Stress.

Strain: If a force acts on a substance, then in that case if the substance would deform. Then the amount of deformation per unit length of that substance is called strain.

Spring: It is one type of device which is being distorted under certain amount of load & also can also go to its original face after the removal of that load. Its function:

• To store energy.
• To absorb energy.
• To control motion of two elements.

Stiffness: Load per unit deflection. The amount of load required to resist the deflection.

Specific Weight: Weight per unit volume of the fluid.
Specific Volume: Volume per unit mass of the fluid.

Specific Gravity: It is the ratio of specific weight of required substance to specific weight of pure water at 4 degree centigrade temperature.
Specific heat: The amount of heat required to increase 1 unit temperature of 1 unit mass.

Viscosity:

• Dynamic Viscosity: The amount of resistance of one layer of fluid over other layer of fluid.
• Kinematic Viscosity: It is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density.

Buoyancy: When a body is immersed in a liquid, it is lifted up by a force equal to weight of liquid displaced by the body. The tendency of liquid to lift up an immersed body is buoyancy. The upward thrust of liquid to lift up the body is called buoyancy force.
Bernoulli's Equation:
P/γ +V²/2g +Z = Constant
Where, P = pressure,V = velocity,Z = Datumn Head

Devices for fluid:

• Venturimeter: It measures discharge of fluid.
• Notches : It measures discharge of fluid.
• Orifice meter: It measures discharge of fluid.
• Pitot tube : It measures velocity of fluid.

Mach Number: It is the ratio of the velocity of fluid to the velocity of
sound.
M=1 ----------------- Sonic flow
M> (1-6) ----------- Super-Sonic flow
M>6 ---------------- Hyper-Sonic flow

Fluid discharge/Fluid flow: Quantity of fluid flowing per second. (through a section of pipe/ through a section of channel)
Q=AV
where, V= velocity of fluid,A= cross-sectional area of pipe/channel
Note: 1m³ = 1000 L1 cusec = 1 ft³/sec1 ft = 0.3048 m.

Hydraulic Machine:
Turbine,Pump,Compressor etc.
Draft tube:
It attaches with reaction turbine . Its function is to reduce energy loss from reaction turbine & it also reduce pressure at outlet which is must blow the atmospheric pressure.

Themodynamics Law:

• Zeroth Law
• First Law of Thermodynamic
• Second Law of thermodynamic

Zeroth Law: If two body are in thermal equilibrium with a third body then these two body are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
First Law of Thermodynamics: In a closed system, work deliver to the surrounding is directly proportonal to the heat taken from the surrounding.And also, In a closed system, work done on a system is directly proportonal to the heat deliver to the surrounding.
Second Law of Thermodynamics: It is impossible to make a system or an engine which can change 100 percent input energy to 100 percent output.

Entropy: It is a thermodynamic property.
ds = dq/T
where, ds = change of entropy, dq = change of heat,
T = Temperature.
In adiabatic process, entropy can not change. Actually,lacking or mal-adroitness of tranfering energy of a system is entropy.

Calorific Value of fuel:
It us the total amount of heat obtained from burning 1 kg solid or liquid fuel.
Boiler/Steam

• Generator: It is a clossed vessel which is made of steel. Its function is to transfer heat to water to generate steam.
• Economiser: It is a part of boiler. Its function is to heat feed water which is supplied to boiler.
• Superheater: It is a part of boiler. Its function is to increase temperature of steam into boiler.
• Air-Preheater: It is a part of boiler. Its funtion is to preheats the air to be supplied to furnace and it recover heat from exhaust gas.
• Boler Draught: It is an important term for boiler. It is the difference of pressure above and below the fire grate. This  pressure difference have to maintain very carefully inside the bolier. It actually maintaind the rate of steam generation. This depends on rate of fuel burning. Inside the boiler rate of fuel burning is maintained with rate of entry fresh air. If proper amount of  fresh air never entered into the boiler, then proper amount of fuel inside the boiler never be  burnt. So, proper fresh air enters into the boiler only by maintaining boiler draught.

Nozzle: Nozzle is a duct of varying cros-sectional area. Actually, it is a passage of varying cross-sectional area. It converts steam's heat energy into mechanical energy. It is one type of pipe or tube that carrying liquid or gas. Scavenging: It is the process of removing burnt gas from combustion chamber of engine cylinder.
Supercharging: Actually, power output of engine depends on what amount of air enter into the engine through intake manifold. Amount of entry aiy if increased, then must be engine speed will increased. Amount of air  will be increased by increasing inlet air density. The process of increasing inlet air density is supercharging. The device which is used for supercharging is called supercharger.Superchargeris driven by a belt from engine crakshaft. It is installed in intake system. Turbocharging: Turbocharging is similar to the supercharging. But in that case tubocharger is installed in exhaust system whereas supercharger is installed in intake system. Turbocharger is driven by force of exhaust gas. Generally, turbocharger is used for 2-stroke engine by utilizing exhaust energy of the engine, it recovers energy otherwise which would go waste..
Governeor: Its function id to regulate mean speed of engine when there are variation in the load. If load incrases on the engine, then engine's speed must decrease. In that case supply of working fluid have to increase. In the otherway, if load decrease on the engine, then engine' speed must increase. In that case supply of working fluid have to decrease.Governor automatcally, controls the supply of working fluid to the engine with varying load condition.

Flywheel: It is the one of the main parts of the I.C. engine. Its main function id to store energy in the time of working stroke or expansion stroke. And, it releasesenergy to the crankshaft in the time of suction stroke, compression stroke & exhaust stroke. Because, engine has only one power producing stroke.

Rating of fuel:
S.I. Engine:
Octane number. Octane number indicates ability of fuel to resist knock.
C.I. Engine:
Cetane Number. Cetane number indicates ability of ignition of diesel fuel. That means, how much fast ignites diesel fuel.

Stoichiometric ratio: It is the chemically correct air-fuel ratio by volume. By which theoratically sufficient oxygen will be gotten to burn all combustible elements in fuel completely.

Heat Transfer:  It is a science which deals with energy transfer between material bodies as a result of temperature difference.There are three way to heat transfer such as-Conduction Convection  Radiation.

Thermal Conductivity: It is the quantity of heat flows between two parts of solid material by conduction. In this case following consideration will be important fact-
Time------ 1 sec
Area of that solid material-------- 1 m²
Thickness of that solid material------ 1m
Temperature difference between two parts of that material------ 1k

Heat Exchanger: It is one type of device which can transfer heat from one fluid to another fluid. Example- Radiator, intercooler, preheater, condenser, boiler etc.
Refrigeration: It is the process of removing heat from a substance. Actually, extraction of heat from a body whose temperature is already below the temperature of its surroundings.
1 tonne of refrigeration: It is amount of refrigeration effect or cooling effect which is produced by uniform melting of 1 tonne ice in 24 hours from or at 0 degree centigrade or freezing 1 tonne water in 24 hours from or at 0 degree centigrade.

Humidification: It is the addition of moisture to the air without change dry bulb temperatur.
Dehumidification: It is the removal of moisture from the air without change dry bulb temperature.

Gear Train: Meshing of two or more gear. It can transmit power from one shaft to another shaft.
Heat Treatment: Operation involving heating and cooling of a metal in solid state for obtaining desirable condition without being changed chemical composition.Its object- increase hardness of metal.increase quality of metal ( heat, corrosion,wear resistance quality ) improve machinability.

Ferrous Metal:
1. Cast Iron - (2-6.67)%C, Si, Mn, P, S
2. Steel - (0-2)%C
3. Wrought Iron - 99.5% Fe
Non-Ferrous Metal:
1. Brass - (Cu+Zn)
2. Bronze -
(Sn+Cu) ------ Tin Bronze
(Si+Cu) ------- Silicon Bronze
(Al+Cu) ------- Aluminum Bronze

Allowance:
It is the difference between basic dimension of mating parts. That means, minimum clearance between mating parts that can be allowed.

Tolerance: It is the difference between upper limit of dimension. It is also the permissible variation above and below the basic size. That means maximum permissible variation in dimensions.

Clearance: It is the difference in size between mating parts. That means, in that case the outside dimension of the shaft is less than internal dimension of the hole.
Stiffness: It is the ability to resist deformation.

Toughness: It is the property to resist fracture.

Fatigue: When a material is subjected to repeated stress below yield point stress, such type of failure is fatigue failure.

Nuclear Fission: It is a nuclear reaction by which one big nucleous divided into two or more nucleous.

Nuclear Fussion: It is also a nuclear reaction by which one big nucleous will produced by adding two small nucleous.

Welding: It is the process of joining two similar or dissimilar metal by fusion.

Arc Welding -* need D.C current
* produced (6000-7000) Degree Centegrade Temperature
Gas Welding -
* Oxy - acetylene flame join metals
* Oxygen & acetylene gas works
* produced 3200 Degree Centegrade Temperature
Machine Tool: It is the power driven tool. It cut & form all kinds of metal parts.
Example - 1. Lathe2. Drill Press3. Shaper4. Planer5.Grinding6. Miling7. Broaching8. Boring
Cutting Tool: Tool Materials for Cutting Tool:
1. High Carbon Steel
2. High Speed Steel (W+Cr+V)
3. Carbide (W Carbide+Ti Carbide+Co Carbide)
Indexing: It is the method of dividing periphery of job into equal number of division. Actually, it is the process of dividing circular or other shape of workpiece into equal space, division or angle.

Jig: It is one type of device which hold & locate workpiece and also guide & control cutting tool. It
uses in drilling, reaming and tapping.
Fixture: It is one type of device which hold and locate workpiece. It uses in miling, grinding, planning & turning.

11 Habits for effective Teaching

By Carrie Lam , Academic Director, Teacher & Workshop Leader, Canada

I really appreciate teachers who are truly passionate about teaching. The teacher who wants to be an  inspiration to others. The teacher who is happy with his/her job at all times. The teacher that every other child in the school would love to have. The teacher that kids remember for the rest of their lives. Are you that teacher? Read on and learn 11 effective habits of an effective teacher.

1. ENJOYS TEACHING.
Teaching is meant to be a very enjoyable and rewarding career field (although demanding and exhausting at times!). You should only become a teacher if you love children and intend on caring for them with your heart. You cannot expect the kids to have fun if you are not having fun with them! If  you only read the instructions out of a textbook, it's ineffective. Instead, make your lessons come alive by making it as interactive and engaging as possible. Let your passion for teaching shine through each and everyday. Enjoy every teaching moment to the fullest.

2. MAKES A DIFFERENCE.
There is a saying, "With great power, comes great responsibility". As a teacher, you need to be aware and remember the great responsibility that comes with your profession. One of your goals ought to be: Make a difference in their lives. How? Make them feel special, safe and secure when they are in your classroom. Be the positive influence in their lives. Why? You never know what your students went through before entering your classroom on a particular day or what conditions they are going home to after your class. So, just in case they are not getting enough support from home, at least you
will make a difference and provide that to them.

3. SPREADS POSITIVITY.
Bring positive energy into the classroom every single day. You have a beautiful smile so don't forget to flash it as much as possible throughout the day. I know that you face battles of your own in your personal life but once you enter that classroom, you should leave all of it behind before you step foot in the door. Your students deserve more than for you to take your frustration out on them. No matter how you are feeling, how much sleep you've gotten or how frustrated you are, never let that show. Even if you are having a bad day, learn to put on a mask in front of the students and let them think of you as a superhero (it will make your day too)! Be someone who is always positive, happy and smiling. Always remember that positive energy is contagious and it is up to you to spread it. Don't let other people's negativity bring you down with them.

4. GETS PERSONAL.
This is the fun part and absolutely important for being an effective teacher! Get to know your students and their interests so that you can find ways to connect with them. Don't forget to also tell them about yours! Also, it is important to get to know their learning styles so that you can cater to each of them as an individual. In addition, make an effort to get to know their parents as well. Speaking to the parents should not be looked at as an obligation but rather, an honor. In the beginning of the school year, make it known that they can come to you about anything at anytime of the year. In addition, try to get to know your colleagues on a personal level as well. You will be much happier if you can find a strong support network in and outside of school.

5. GIVES 100%.
Whether you are delivering a lesson, writing report cards or offering support to a colleague - give  100%. Do your job for the love of teaching and not because you feel obligated to do it. Do it for self-growth. Do it to inspire others. Do it so that your students will get the most out of what you are teaching them. Give 100% for yourself, students, parents, school and everyone who believes in you. Never give up and try your best - that's all that you can do. (That's what I tell the kids anyway!)

6. STAYS ORGANIZED.
Never fall behind on the marking or filing of students' work. Try your best to be on top of it and not let the pile grow past your head! It will save you a lot of time in the long run. It is also important to keep an organized planner and plan ahead! The likelihood of last minute lesson plans being effective are slim. Lastly, keep a journal handy and jot down your ideas as soon as an inspired idea forms in your mind. Then, make a plan to put those ideas in action.

7. IS OPEN-MINDED.
As a teacher, there are going to be times where you will be observed formally or informally (that's also why you should give 100% at all times). You are constantly being evaluated and criticized by  our boss, teachers, parents and even children. Instead of feeling bitter when somebody has something to say about your teaching, be open-minded when receiving constructive criticism and form a plan of
action. Prove that you are the effective teacher that you want to be. Nobody is perfect and there is always room for improvement. Sometimes, others see what you fail to see.

8. HAS STANDARDS.
Create standards for your students and for yourself. From the beginning, make sure that they know what is acceptable versus what isn't. For example, remind the students how you would like work to be completed. Are you the teacher who wants your students to try their best and hand in their best and
neatest work? Or are you the teacher who couldn't care less? Now remember, you can only expect a lot if you give a lot. As the saying goes, "Practice what you preach".

9. FINDS INSPIRATION.
An effective teacher is one who is creative but that doesn't mean that you have to create everything from scratch! Find inspiration from as many sources as you can. Whether it comes from books, education, Pinterest, YouTube, Facebook, blogs, TpT or what have you, keep finding it!

10. EMBRACES CHANGE.
In life, things don't always go according to plan. This is particularly true when it comes to teaching. Be flexible and go with the flow when change occurs. An effective teacher does not complain about changes when a new principal arrives. They do not feel the need to mention how good they had it at their last school or with their last group of students  compared to their current circumstances. Instead of stressing about change, embrace it with both hands and show that you are capable of hitting every
curve ball that comes your way!

11. CREATES REFLECTIONS.
An effective teacher reflects on their teaching to evolve as a teacher. Think about what went well and what you would do differently next time. You need to remember that we all have "failed" lessons from time to time. Instead of looking at it as a failure, think about it as a lesson and learn from it. As teachers, your education and learning is ongoing. There is always more to learn and know about in order to strengthen your teaching skills. Keep reflecting on your work and educating yourself on what you find are your "weaknesses" as we all have them! The most important part is recognizing them and being able to work on them to improve your teaching skills. There are, indeed, several other habits that make an effective teacher but these are the ones that I find most important. Many other character traits can be tied into these ones as well.

LAST WORD: There is always something positive to be found in every situation but it is up to you to find it. Keep your head up and teach happily for the love of education!