What is wrong with Indian Education?

So..what is the definition of wrong when it comes to education ? 

Lack of well rounded education . Nerds are restricted to books while jocks are restricted to practice nets. Unfortunately, nerds can benefit a lot from sports and learn team dynamics and how to work along with other people. Jocks on the other hand can learn a few things like critical thinking and logical reasoning.

Absence of disruptive innovators and rebels in our society . Like the commonly quoted Steve Jobs, we do have a lack of innovators (small when compared to our huge population) in our  country.

What we instead have in our country is nation of sloggers who are restricted by our underdeveloped society's definition of success and cramming in spite of unhappiness to get into an engineering college and later to get the next promotion. This is completely done irrespective of if they actually care about the subject and work but rather by social conditioning which deludes them into thinking this how they can attain salvation.

Is it unfair to compare India with say...United States ?

Well take a completely unrelated metric ..life expectancy and compare the US, India and  Singapore. Singapore was chosen by me because in the lifetime of our previous generation it managed to go from an under developed third world to a first world country. Now if you look at something as basic as life expectancy, India completely lacks behind US and Singapore with a life expectancy of something around 65. That would literally mean,  if you are in your 30s, more than half of your life
is gone (yes you can argue it is for the entire nation and not specifically the urban population.)  Anyway coming back to life expectancy, India is where Singapore was in the 1960s. 

Now what does that say to us ?

India is still in the "survival mode" . Since its creation in 1947, we have been and still are in the "survival mode". What happens in the survival mode is that we do cost-benefit  analysis of every decision in our lives and unfortunately in education, career as well as marriage. This explains why engineering is the overwhelming choice of the majority of the people in this country and in similar countries like China (who smartly have also recognized the potential of studying finance.) After we leave the "survival mode" as a nation, then only we will reach the developed stage like US and Canada where a significant fraction will choose subjects which they actually like and rather not forced by society to choose. After that when we reach the "Uber-Developed" status like Scandinavian countries, then the majority of our country, free of financial constraints will pursue their dreams.

Inspite of all this if we look at the enrollment in tertiary education in both US and India (assuming the correctness of the data, they are amazingly similar with approximately 20% enrollment with India doing better). As per the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2012, 96.5% of all rural children between the ages of 6-14 were enrolled in school. This is the fourth annual survey to report enrollment above 96%. 83% of all rural 15-16 year olds were enrolled in school. However, going forward, India will need to focus more on quality.Gross enrollment at the tertiary level has crossed 20% (as per an Ernst & Young Report cited in Jan 2013 in Education News/ minglebox.com  "In 2006, 19.5 percent of the adult population had attended college but had no degree, 7.4 percent held an associate's degree , 17.1 percent held a bachelor's degree , and 9.9 percent held a graduate or professional degree . The historic gender gap had practically vanished.  New England had the highest proportion of college graduates, and the South Central states the lowest. "

So what is wrong with our curriculum ?

Actually nothing. Our curriculum is perfect and better than most countries. We are taught a vast majority of subjects (we will get to teaching methods later) which will allow us to recognize where  our interest lies later in life. Hardly do you get Shakespeare and C++ being taught at high school  level in developing country. Even in a developed country like Singapore, the syllabus is not so vast and people who might take History will not end up taking Geography. Unfortunately, our co-curricular activities lack behind a lot which would actually produce a well rounded individual. We end up being egoistical, individualistic narrow minded individual. However, till this crazy competition goes away, I doubt if any importance will be paid to co- curricular activities.

So who are we to blame ?

Parents, Teachers and Society "Cost Benefit Analysis of every Career Decision" When was the last time anyone studied engineering especially ECE because they liked it? They had been tinkering with circuits since young, taking apart radios and other stuff. When was the last time we studied anything because we liked doing it not because we can quote a huge starting annual salary?

Another consequence of the country being in the "survival mode", is that the insecurities of the parents are passed to the children over time and the ultimate objective is to achieve financial stability in whichever way possible.

"Myopic Definition of Success"

Standard definition of success common in our society is getting into a top engineering college followed by working in an unrelated field which would pay the most followed by getting into a B School to work in a field which you did not know  even existed when you were in high school. Although I congratulate the successful ones from the top schools, what concerns me is that the definition of success is extremely myopic. Life is  a long, long journey and although this might give you a good start, it will never determine where you end up.

In this way I will argue that we should stop blaming reservation as a curse of our society. Reservations can only stop you to a certain point and blaming them for "ruining your whole life" is extremely short sighted.

"Nation of Conformists"

We although will hate to admit, are a nation of conformists. Adventure and risk taking as a whole is just lacking in our DNA. We never explored China during ancient times (Marco Polo came from  Italy), we never bothered to go to Africa till there were jobs for us. We are shit scared to be different.  Every career decision is approved by our parents and society. We are just afraid of making a mistake and being pointed at. This comes from the very fact that  since childhood, our teachers will label anyone different to be a "problem child" who needs psychiatric help, thanks to their limitations as incomplete human beings. We are so scared that we even make our parents choose our life  partners.

Sometimes this delusion and comfort in success are gone by our early 30s and for the first time we want to live for ourselves. Unfortunately thanks to our small life expectancy and probably a family and child to support, this becomes a dream which we can never fulfill. Have you noticed why your father is grumpy all the time...this might be the very reason..!!

So is there any hope left ?

Yes! there is. This new generation is slowly breaking conventions and we are seeing more artists, more designers, more scientists.
Things will be much better by the next generation when people will choose careers out of their own free will.

The Pros And Cons OfTurbochargers Vs Superchargers

Have you ever wondered what the advantages of a turbocharger are over a supercharger? Or vice versa? Well, wonder no more, because here is the best explanation you're likely to ever read...

When designing an engine to pull in more than atmospheric pressure, tuners often turn to forced induction. It’s one of the fastest ways to add significant power to almost any engine, and there are two prevalent ways it can be done:
supercharging and turbocharging.

What’s the difference?

A supercharger is an air compressor driven by the crankshaft of an engine, usually connected with a belt. Alternatively, a turbocharger is simply an air compressor driven by an exhaust gas turbine. That’s the one key difference; a supercharger requires engine power to run, while a turbocharger runs off waste energy created by the engine. You might assume that because the turbo is run off waste gases that it’s more efficient, and you’d be correct!

1. Turbocharger advantages and disadvantages:

Pros:

Significant increase in horsepower.

Power vs size: allows for smaller engine displacements to produce much more power. relative to their size.

Better fuel economy: smaller engines use less fuel to idle, and have less rotational and reciprocating mass, which improves fuel economy.

Higher efficiency: turbochargers run off energy that is typically lost in naturally-aspirated and supercharged engines (exhaust gases), thus the recovery of this energy improves the overall efficiency of the engine.

Cons:

Turbo lag: turbochargers, especially large turbochargers, take time to spool up and provide useful boost.

Boost threshold: for traditional turbochargers, they are often sized for a certain RPM range where the exhaust gas flow is adequate to provide additional boost for the engine. They typically do not operate across as wide an RPM range as superchargers.

Power surge: in some turbocharger applications, especially with larger turbos, reaching the boost threshold can provide an almost instantaneous surge in power, which could compromise tyre traction or cause some instability of the car.

Oil requirement: turbochargers get very hot and often tap into the engine’s oil supply. This calls for additional plumbing, and is more demanding on the engine oil. Superchargers typically don't require engine oil lubrication.

2. Supercharger advantages and disadvantages:

Pros:

Increased horsepower: adding a supercharger to any engine is a quick solution to boosting power.

No lag: the supercharger’s biggest advantage over a turbocharger is that it does not have any lag. Power delivery is immediate because the
supercharger is driven by the engine’s crankshaft.

Low RPM boost: good power at low RPM in comparison with turbochargers.

Price: cost effective way of increasing
horsepower.

Cons:

Less efficient: the biggest disadvantage of superchargers is that they suck engine power simply to produce engine power. They’re run off an engine belt connected to the crankshaft, so you’re essentially powering an air pump with another air pump. Because of this, superchargers are significantly less efficient than turbochargers.

Reliability: with all forced induction systems (including turbochargers), the engine internals will be exposed to higher pressures and temperatures, which will of course affect the longevity of the engine.

It’s best to build the engine from the bottom up to handle these pressures, rather than relying on stock internals. Superchargers often go hand in hand with big V8s, and they’re certainly capable of producing big power.

Which do I prefer?

As an engineer, it’s difficult to not side with efficiency. Turbochargers simply make more sense, as they improve the efficiency of the engine in multiple ways. Superchargers are an extra demand on the engine, even if they are capable of producing useful boost at low RPM. But if you find yourself unable to decide, it is possible to use both simultaneously, and it’s called twin-charging.

Professor Bhaskar Ramamurthi, Director of IIT Madras, answersquestions on Vision 2020 for the institution. Excerpts from an interview…

Where does IIT Madras stand globally?....................Professor Bhaskar Ramamurthi, Director of IIT Madras

With the second strategic plan for IIT Madras having been put forth,  The IITs have already grown into a brand. Why then hanker for an international rank?

The IITs are not meant only for undergraduate education. What you are talking about is our global position as a top undergraduate educational institution. …you can’t do world-class undergraduate teaching without doing research also. Now the government has made it clear that they want research as a direct output, not just as a part of undergraduate teaching. So we have to aspire for a ranking on all outputs. We want to be known for our post- graduate output and research output as well. The global rankings don’t capture this too well and the government wants to set up an Indian ranking framework which takes into account what our objectives are. 

But while this may be true, we must rank ourselves to see where we stand globally. How will it change things?

It can only improve. We are also getting a lot of interest from the cream of undergraduate students, not just our own, after the launch of the direct PhD programme [PhD after BTech]. I recently met with 80 students we have picked this way; they’ve all come because they have made an early decision to get into research. As many hands were raised for industry as for teaching. This is very good for the
country and for us to pick them early and nurture them. I was really encouraged by this.

Can you talk about the MoUs with foreign universities ?

We have MoUs with nearly 150 universities. With 50 to 60 of them there are PhDs being  co-supervised with their faculty and with five there are joint PhD programmes planned.

You have talked about developing interdisciplinary centres. What are the directions in which IIT Madras is likely to make progress?
We are seeing very clearly that some 25 [interdisciplinary] centres are coming up. Propulsion technologies became obvious to me a year or so ago. For about two years now, we have been working on getting the right centre, for our capabilities, on data sciences. We want an interdisciplinary group. We’ve assembled six to seven faculties, now it’s grown to about ten. It will be based more on networks. Whether it’s a transportation network or a biological network or a network of wireless communication nodes, what you can learn about these systems and what is happening based on volumes of data that you generate, that is the area we want to look at. There is a big centre on machine tools coming up. We have proposed a large centre in advanced manufacturing, to focus on very new areas of manufacturing, not what is traditionally understood.

You plan to change the curriculum so that students will be taking 50 per cent core courses and 50 per cent electives. Please elaborate.
There are some constraints of the IIT system by which students have to choose their branch at the time of joining — whether they know anything about it or not. There’s no easy way around this. However, what we are saying is that we will define the curriculum for each of these majors in such a way that with the core courses, roughly 50 per cent, you will be legitimately qualified for a bachelor’s degree in that discipline; as you grow here, if you find that your interests are taking you [elsewhere],
through the electives you can redefine yourself. Your degree might say you’re from metallurgical engineering, but your transcript will say you are also somewhat different. And very often in the world, jobs as well as higher education is as much based on what your transcript says as your degree. The students will be able to move in the direction they want.  

Student life has changed in recent times. People are more isolated and face pressures, perhaps because of technology. Is there a plan to address this?

Our counselling setup is becoming bigger and better all the time. Now counselling is not just for those in trouble. It is for everybody. We are now seeing that everybody is involved in some activity  other than their academics — it could be sport, music, art, literature, debate… We are trying to track  that. Our counselling is becoming more proactive. We try to find out the students who are not doing anything and ask them, “Would you like to do something [else]?” We are trying to open out more things for the students. We are trying to reach out and be more available, with quick closing of feedback loops so that we can counsel if they are in trouble of any kind or confused in any way.

The campus is poised to become more student- friendly. Can you explain?

One thing I have always noticed in many universities around the world is that there is a square — where it is very nice. Somewhere off the square there is a cafeteria and a lot of people hang out there. IIT Madras in particular has had to deal from its inception that it is in a very pristine natural setting. And we just don’t have a square — a central, human-designed, architected, space. For the new academic complex that’s coming up, we have found a way to create a big social space and a food court nearby. We need a place which is a very obvious hangout for students. The new academic complex is coming up where we used to have our big godowns earlier. There used to be a bus depot
nearby, we got rid of that and it turns out that there is a big open area there which is going to become a quadrangle.

This is not the satellite campus?

No, the satellite campus may or may not happen. We are working with the Tamil Nadu government on that and they are trying very hard to find us suitable land. It obviously cannot be very far from [the main campus]. Finding a suitable land has been a challenge, but we have identified it and it is now at a very advanced stage of consideration in the government. If that comes, that will change our planning, but it will not change the need for that kind of place here.

Engineering Explained: The Pros And Cons Of Different Engine Types

Engineering Explained: The Pros And Cons Of Different Engine Types

The most common engine types - the four-cylinder, the boxer-four, straight-six, V6 and V8 - have their
own pros and cons. Here's everything you need to know in one handy guide...

By Engineering

What makes more power, a 4.0-litre V6 engine or a 4.0-litre V8? The answer isn’t so simple. When discussing various engines, the layout isn’t the biggest contributing factor to how much power it makes. With a bit of ingenuity (and you know, cash), a four cylinder engine can make just as much power as a V12. So what makes manufacturers
choose different engine layouts?

Here are the advantages and disadvantages of each layout.

1. Four-cylinder inline four

Let’s start with one of the most common engines, the inline four cylinder. There’s a reason it’s common, largely because it’s so simple: one cylinder bank, one cylinder head and one valve train. Here’s all you need to know:

Advantages:

->The four-cylinder, inline four is small and compact, meaning it easily fits in nearly any engine bay.

-> It’s also lightweight, and with only one exhaust manifold, weight is further reduced.

-> With only one cylinder head, there are fewer moving parts than engines with multiple cylinder banks. This means less energy is lost which
reduces the probability of malfunctions.

-> Primary forces are balanced because the outside two pistons move in the opposite direction of the inside two pistons (see picture above).

-> Four-cylinder engines are easy to work on; the cylinder head is the highest point which makes spark plug jobs and valve train access very
easy.

->. Four-cylinder engines require lower manufacturing costs.

Disadvantages:

-> Secondary forces are not balanced, which ultimately limits the size of the engine.

-> Inline fours will rarely exceed 2.5 litres to 3.0 litres.

-> Larger four cylinder engines will often require balancing shafts to cancel the vibration caused by the secondary imbalance.

->High centre of gravity compared to some layouts (H4).

-> Not as rigid as some layouts (V6, V8).

2. Horizontally-opposed

From a performance standpoint, there aren’t many options as attractive as an engine with horizontally- opposed cylinders. The boxer four isn’t nearly as common as the other engines on this list, but from an engineering standpoint it’s a logical choice for your race car.

Advantages:

Primary and secondary forces are well balanced.

This is a smooth engine.

This allows for less weight on the crankshaft, resulting in less power lost to rotational inertia.

Low centre of gravity allows for better handling.

Disadvantages:

Packaging size: these are very wide engines.

Flat engines were once used in Formula 1 for their performance advantages, but due to their width they obstructed airflow and are no longer used.

Complexity - two cylinder heads/valve trains.

Rocking couple (plane imbalances) due to offset pistons to allow for the connecting rods to connect with the crankshaft.

Maintenance can be challenging if packaging is tight.

3. Straight-six

An engineer’s object of affection, the straight-six is the result of tacking on two more cylinders to an inline four engine. BMW loves them, and it’s the
layout of one of the most well-known boost-ready engines, the 2JZ. So what’s so special about the straight-six?

Advantages:

The straight-six is Inherently balanced.

The layout combined with its firing order leads to essentially the smoothest engine out there.

V12s and Flat-12s are the next step in further reducing vibration, as they are two I6s matched together.

Lower manufacturing cost - single cylinder block with all the cylinders in one orientation.

Simple design, easy to work on much like the I4.

Disadvantages:

Packaging can be difficult due to the length.

Not ideal for FWD vehicles.

High center of gravity (vs flat engines).

Lower rigidity than V engines as it’s long and narrow.

4. V6

Now cut that straight-six in half and match the two cylinder banks to a common crank. The V6 is a common layout when there are six spark plugs
involved. It’s also the current layout for Formula 1 engines. Why use it?

Advantages:

They’re compact and can easily be used for both FWD and RWD vehicles.

Allows for greater displacement than four- cylinder engines, typically meaning more power.

Rigid design. Formula 1 chose to use V6s rather than I4s for the 2014 season because they wanted to use the engine as a stressed member of the car.

Disadvantages:

Two cylinder heads means added cost, complexity, and weight.

Additional rotational inertia and friction (more moving parts).

High centre of gravity vs flat engines.
Cost is often greater than inline.

Secondary imbalance requires additional weight on the crankshaft.

Two exhaust manifolds means additional weight.

5. V8

When you add a cylinder to each bank of the V6, you get an icon in both American muscle and European exotics - the V8. It can produce a refined whine, or a shuddering burble. So what makes this layout such a popular choice?

Advantages:

Packaging size (short in length).

Good balance, depending on the crankshaft type and firing order (flatplane vs crossplane).

Rigid design.
Allows for high displacement.

Disadvantages:

Like a V6, the V8 engine’s weight can be high.

Additional rotational inertia and friction (more moving parts).

Cost and complexity will be higher.

Higher centre of gravity vs flat engines.

Engine weight is usually increased.
Packaging is large, typically restricted to RWD/ AWD vehicles.

Let us know below which engine type you are currently running and what you like and loathe about it.

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Supercharger:-

SUPERCHARGER

A supercharger is an air compressor that increases the pressure or density of air supplied to an internal combustion engine.  This gives each intake cycle of the engine more oxygen, letting it burn more fuel and do more work, thus increasing power.

Power for the supercharger can be provided mechanically by means of a belt, gear, shaft, or chain connected to the engine's crankshaft. When power is provided by a turbine powered by exhaust gas, a supercharger is known as a turbo supercharger typically referred to simply as a turbocharger or just
turbo.

Playing your strengths - How to capitalize on yourstrong subject areas to score more in GATE

GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering)

essentially examines the aptitude of engineering graduates/students in understanding simple problems and applying engineering concepts to solve them. Thus, a GATE aspirant has to develop  abilities in solving aptitude-based problems. The engineering aptitude for GATE requires the GATE aspirants to pass through the following stages of preparation:
1. Motivation
2. Preparation strategy
3. Selection of books
4. Theoretical study
5. Key concepts
6. Practice on problems
7. Revision
Time, energy, hard work and books are the basic inputs to the success in this exam. Each of the
seven stages mentioned above is critical in preparation.

Motivation:

Success in GATE needs motivation, confidence, determination, time, books, energy and
hard work. Aspirants must be full of natural motivation and curiosity for study, and should seek for knowledge as much as possible by self-interest. While preparing for GATE, the aspirant must keep in
mind what can be the long-term and short-term effects of success in GATE in his/her career- making process.

Preparation strategy:

Time, energy and other inputs of preparation must be utilized in the most efficient and effective manner. For this, the candidate has to develop a preparation strategy that includes steps such as selection of important topics for study, selection of books/chapters for specific topics, allotment of time for coverage of a particular list of topics, etc.

Selection of books:

A brief planning of the theoretical background can be enhanced by following books that are error free and cover the topics in detail. The general tendency of following too many books should be avoided to circumvent any type of confusion in concepts. For this, a suitable survey should be carried out by the candidate to reach the correct choice of books. Teachers, senior students and class-mates should
be asked about the correct book for preparation. Information available online can also be used. Although there are various resources available online, a systematic and limited browsing of the Internet is recommended to avoid misuse and wastage of time. Preparation for GATE is expected in parallel to graduate courses; the time available for preparation must be effectively utilized. This is possible only by selection of correct study material (textbooks or reference/guide books), which is very critical in preparation for GATE. The choice of books in graduate studies is equally important.

In fact, the referred book only determines the standard and level of study and preparation. Reputed publishers, such as Wiley India, offer comprehensive books specifically written by established authors for preparation for GATE. Hence, there is no need to take stress for selection of books.

Theoretical study:

Aspirants must study the topics asked in GATE papers in depth. For this, a survey of all the questions asked in GATE is a most useful step. Reference books for GATE provide chapter- wise solutions of GATE questions. A good reference book can save a lot of time and energy. Earlier,  students were required to make exhaustive notes of each topic. It was very difficult to organize these notes for revision in future. Students always face initial hesitation in starting the preparation. If not realized, days can pass without any fruitful effort undertaken. It is a general tendency in students that only a few subjects interest them. These subjects are generally taken in groups. Subjects of primary interest should be made the key to success in GATE by completing their preparation on priority. Thereafter, subjects of secondary interest must be given priority in preparation, and so on. However, the ideal recommendation is that each subject must be studied with full interest and devotion for success in GATE. It is always better if weak subjects are also studied religiously so that they  also become subjects of primary interest and one of strength for success in GATE. One must always  remember that the objective of preparation is success in GATE, and not to show someone that  you are a master in one subject but a failure in another.

Understanding of Key concepts:

Students must always make a summary of important concepts that must always be remembered and that can also be used for quick revision of the complete theoretical study. This helps in saving time and building confidence. All important observations must be clearly noted in brief so that the same can be used instead of referring to the complete theoretical study from the beginning.

Practice on problems:

The best policy to generate and maintain self-confidence is to get tested. The candidate must always be aware about the status and level of preparedness of writing the exam. Strong theoretical background and practice are of utmost importance for the fastest solution of the questions. Negative marking of wrong answers may lead to failure if wild guesses are made for filling in the answer sheets without confidence. The questions asked in this exam are mainly meant to examine the fundamental aptitude of engineering graduate/students of the respective discipline.

Difficult or lengthy questions are asked very rarely, and those questions will also be based on simple and basic concepts. A physical interpretation of engineering quantities is very important to understand the problems.

Revision:

As the GATE is held in February, at least 4 months should be given for complete revision of the GATE syllabus, with the material prepared or referred from a guide book. Thus, the revision of the preparation must start from October. The remaining month of January should be used for mastering  he key concepts, derivations, formula and selected (difficult) questions. Like any other competitive exam, accuracy of answers and time management are very important aspects for success in GATE.

About 65 questions are required to be solved within 3 hours; that is, on average, 2.76 minutes are available for each question. The questions of engineering mathematics and general aptitude are generally very easy. Hence, less time should be  given to solving questions from these topics. Speed
is a very important parameter of time management during the writing of the exam.

Important Topic List for GATE EXAM

Hello Friends,
Here is some of the important topics for the GATE exam. I evaluate these on the basis of my experience and knowledge, hope it will help you.
Subject Wise Priority List
1. Mathematics
2. Manufacturing science/ Production technology
3. Industrial engineering
4. SOM
5. TOM
6. Design
7. Thermodynamics
8. Fluid Mechanics
9. Heat Transfer
10. RAC
11. Powerplant
12. IC engines
13. Engineering materials and Engineering Mechanics

IMPORTANT TOPICS

1. Mathematics

Probability
eigen values and eigen vectors
differential equations
Laplace transform
numerical methods
calculus, gradient, multiple
integrals
complex variables
matrix algebra

2. Production (IMPORTANT)

Theory of metal cutting (most imp .)
rolling calculations
wire drawing and extrusion
calculations
sheet metal, (clearance and force
required, shear calculations)
limit, tolerance, fits
basic machining operations time
calculations (lathe, grinding, drilling etc.)
Casting(important)
welding
NC, CNC, M and G code

3. Industrial Engineering

EOQ Models
PERT and CPM
Queueing Model
Forecasting
LPP
Break even analysis
Work study and measurement
Scheduling and Johnson's Rule
Balancing

4. SOM

Principe stress and strain
BMD and SFD
Torsion
Columns and struts
Theories of failures thin cylinders

5. TOM

Mechanism
Gear train
Flywheel
Linear Vibration Analysis of
Mechanical systems

6. DESIGN

Rolling contact bearings. load life relationship
Fluctuating Load consideration for design
Clutch, brake

7. THERMODYNAMICS

Basic concepts
application of first law
Entropy and availability
(IMPORTANT)
pure substances
thermodynamics relations

8. FLUID MECHANICS

Properties of Fluid
Pressure measurement
Fluid kinematics
Bernoulli's equation and venturi meter
Boundary layer theory
Hydraulic Turbine

9. HEAT TRANSFER

Conduction critical thickness of insulation
unsteady conduction(lumped heat analysis) (Important)

Heat exchangers (LMTD, NTU) Radiation (shape factor, heat exchange between non black bodies)

10. RAC

Heat engine, pump and
refrigerator Vapour compression systems Psychrometry

11. POWERPLANT

Steam cycle Gas Cycle

12. IC ENGINES

Gas Power cycles(Otto, Diesel)

13. ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Iron-Carbon Equilibrium diagram
Heat treatment

14. Engineering Mechanics

Equilibrium and truss

These are the very important topics for the GATE exam...
Any doubt and question are welcome....

Books recommended for Gate....

MATHS:

B S GREWAL or H K DASS is sufficient. But my personal choice is H K DASS. At the last stage of your preparation u can do your practice from GATE

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

by R K KANODIA. It has large collection of objective type question. If u want to study more, u can go through ERWIN  KREYSZIG (WILEY publication)

MANUFACTURING SCIENCE :

In Manufacturing, whether it is GATE or IES 70% questions r numerical based. Amitabh Ghosh is a very good but tough book. It has very limited theoretical part and more numerical part. P N RAO is a good book.

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

by P C SHARMA (S.CHAND publication). Its theoretical part is better than P N Rao. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY by R K JAIN (KHANNA publication). It has huge volume of theoretical part.

INDUSTRIAL and OPERATION
RESEARCH:

MAHAJHAN or HEERA Gupta. Numerical from Inventory, PERT/CPM and Queuing are most important.

THERMODYNAMICS

I will prefer P K NAG rather than R K RAJPUT. I know P K NAG is a tough book but if u will go through dat book u will have an excellent command over the subject. This book also has the RAC and IC Engine part that is asked in GATE.

HMT

For this you can refer to R K RAJPUT. For more conceptual refer HOLLMAN or INCOPERA.

SOM-

Either PUNAMIA or S.RAMAMRUTHAM is sufficient. You can also refer TIMOSHENKO & GERE for SOM.

FLUID -

MODI & SETH is better than R K BANSAL. For Fluid 1000 Solved Problem Sigma Series FLUID MECHANICS by K.SUBRAMANYA. This book is only for practice not for
foundation

THEORY OF MACHINE

S.S.RATTAN for Numerical problems

Machine Design :

V B Bhandari is preferred.

MATERIALS SCIENCE &
ENGINEERING:

O P KHANNA is a good book or CALLISTER (WILEY publication).

Question arises during preparation of Gate!

Question: What should be the strategy?

If you are aiming for IIT or any PSU your fundamentals should be strong enough. In our branch basic subjects are SOM, TOM, THERMODYNAMICS, FLUID, HMT, PRODUCTION PROCESS, and MATERIAL SCIENCE. Basic subject will cover 60 to 70% of the paper. If you have a strong command over your basic subject it will take less time cover other application based subjects like RAC, ICE, MD etc. For an example u may heard that RAC is a tough subject. But I am telling you that if you have a
good command over THERMODYNAMICS u will cover GATE syllabus of RAC in only 2 weeks. Same thing is also applicable with MD and SOM. All question of GATE are not same level but these are mixed some easy and some conceptual. Afterall scoring max marks is our prime target.

Marks Distribution Subjects In
Mechanical

Question: Should I Join Coaching?

Coaching is a helpful supplement only & it is useless without self- discipline. It contributes to 20% for your study preparation rest 80% you have to do your own. But yes you can do it without coaching by taking the Question Paper/ Model Paper. But yes I will suggest you should join any test series from any coaching institute to self-analyze yourself. Coaching will simply support you to achieve your target. Without your personal dedicated effort it is impossible to achieve it (unless you’re lucky enough). Study plan is a very crucial part of preparation. A
strategy depends on your target, resources available, time available & your internal qualities like your strength & weakness. So, you can
understand everybody should have their own strategy. It is not necessary that the strategy given success to me, will also give u the same result. Make your own study plan and don't copy other.

Question: How many hours I should Study to get a good score in GATE?

Answer: Frankly speaking I don’t know answer of this question. This is the toughest question to answer and I think there cannot be direct answer to this question.

It varies for individual to individual and from time to time. But for sure following rules apply:

Regular studies give better results
Follow a time table

Practice Last year question From
GATE exam

Have good gaps in between for
recreation/sports.

Try puzzles quizzes to sharpen your brain.

Test yourself regularly to see where you stand and plan accordingly.

MORE OR LESS STICK TO BASICS
IT WILL BE GOOD

Have a contact with Gate Qualified candidates those can guide about basic trend.

Notes making is a very good practice.

Make notes short and concise.

Maintain formulas, short-cuts and tips/tricks in notes.

This will help you set your targets and get ready for the big day. Take practice tests and solve previous year questions to get an idea where do you stand. If you are getting fewer score put a little more extra effort. Just don’t give it. Believe me IITs are worth giving a hard try you will enjoy
you success later.

20 Tips for Happy Healthy Life Which will give a wayto your Success to GATE

20 Tips for Happy Healthy Life Which will give a way to your Success to GATE

Today's Scenario has been Changed, with good mind you need a good health.

So I am posting these

1. Drink plenty of water.

2. Eat breakfast like a king, lunch like a prince and dinner like a beggar.

3. Eat more foods that grow on trees and plants, and eat less food that is manufactured in plants.

4. Live with the 3 E’s — Energy, Enthusiasm, and Empathy.

5. Make time for prayer and reflection

6. Read more books than you did in college.

7. Sit in silence for at least 10 minutes each day.

8. Sleep for 7 hours.

9. Be Focused.

Personality:

10. Take a 10-30 minutes’ walk every day —- and while you walk, smile.

11. Don’t compare your life to others’. You have no idea what their journey is all about.

12. Don’t have negative thoughts or things you cannot control. Instead invest your energy in the positive present moment.

13. Don’t overdo; keep your limits.

14. Don’t take yourself so seriously; no one else does.

15. Don’t waste your precious energy on gossip.

16. Dream more while you are awake.

17. Envy is a waste of time. You already have all you need.

18. Forget issues of the past. Don’t remind your partner with his/her mistakes of the past. That will ruin your present happiness.

19. Life is too short to waste time hating anyone. Don’t hate others.

20. Make peace with your past so it won’t spoil the present.

Tips for Happy Healthy Life Which will give a way to your Success to GATE/IES

How to crack GATE

How to crack GATE in 2 months time (without coaching)
By SAGAR

Hello friends,
This is my first post and i am going to tell you how to clear GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in
Engineering) and that too without any coaching.

The first question that might be coming to your mind  is – How the hell did i know that?

So, the answer is – Through my experience. While i was in my third year of college, i got AIR 186 in
GATE 2011 without much sweating. Again in GATE 2012, i got AIR 138 & that too without much effort.

May be the rank was not “too” good, but it was decent enough for the level of effort that i put into it.

So, you can also get impressive GATE ranks without much toiling after knowing these steps.

1. Have your concepts clear-

This is more of a pre-requisite than a step. Throughout your 2nd &
3rd year of B.tech, try to clear the concepts as much as possible. The clearer they will be, the easier you will find to sail through. Now you may ask me- What should be the level of clarity? Answer to which is- You should be able to teach the basics to someone. If you are unable to do that, you have to open the text-books once again.

2. Collect the arms & ammunition-

Even if the title says 2 months, but this step should be started at least 6 months before exam. So, around June-July, start collecting these books-

1. Solved papers of previous years of GATE. (Preferably- Chapterwise)
( Most Important)

2. GATE Refresher (Very Important)-

For the link to the books that i have used, look at the right side border of this page.

3. Textbooks (Either in print or e books) of all the subjects which are in the syllabus of GATE.
(Important)

4. If possible, sample papers for GATE/ any test series.
(Not so important)

3. Start solving the problems-

Yes! Start solving.
Do not start reading the text books cover to cover. In 2 months time, it is a rare possibility that you will be able to do that. Now the steps for this step are-

In the solved paper book, start with a chapter.

Attempt the questions. Most probably you will face problems in solving them. If you are missing on the formula or some single concept,
open up the refresher & look after it. If you are now able to solve the problem easily, then proceed to next question.

If, however, you feel that the question is like a stranger in a strange country on a strange planet, then you should open up the textbook.

Read all the related topics to that question & do the practice problems. Now, return to the questions, are you able to do them? If yes, then proceed to the next question. If not, again read the topic & practice from textbook until you become comfortable with the topics & gain
confidence in it.

So, the step is – Question from previous year- read the topic -practice the topic.
This way you will do a selective & much more efficient & targeted preparation.

4. PRACTICE!!

There must be some reason why we
call doctor’s job as “practice”. Really, this word has the secret to success in any examination of the world.

Stop reading your books/notes like novels, Open up a notebook, pick up a pen & start practicing the questions.

Make a target of at least 100 questions a day. If 2 months practice while in final year of college can lend me a decent rank, which ultimately, lead me to NTPC Ltd, imagine, what could you do if you are preparing full time for GATE.

Run..Start practicing.. Slot for AIR 1 of this year GATE is still open! :)

PS: If you have any queries, you can ask me in the comments. I would be glad to answer them.

RRB Section Engineer (S.E) & Junior Engineer (J.E)

RRB Section Engineer (S.E) & Junior Engineer (J.E)

Exam syllabus

Post Name S.E & J.E

Exam Time in minute 120

Syllabus topics No. of questions
General Awarness 25
Arithmatic 25
General intelligence 05
Reasoning 05
General Science 00
Technical Ability 90
Total NO Questions 150

To join GATE coaching or Not?

To join GATE coaching or Not?

By Zahid June, 2010

It is really an important question and usually one who is preparing for GATE struck at. Usually the first question comes to mind that is it better to go for GATE coaching center or prepare from home or hostel. This a part of series of article that I preparing for students who are preparing for GATE.

This really depends on oneself. The major thing is your concentration & motive for cracking GATE. Every student has different characteristics and this decision mostly depends on that. Joining and not joining a coaching center have their own pro and cons and you can judge what is best based on how you can handle the negative aspect while taking the full advantage of positive sides.

Let me first start with advantages of joining a coaching center. The first and foremost advantage is you are forced to take time for studies, eventually you will learn few things there. Second advantage is you can make use of tips given by experienced faculty. General information like study material, questions and solutions from fellow mates.

The basic disadvantage of joining a coaching center is that you need to go there. Time is consumed in traveling a little before and after the class. You may in a no time situation for revising the stuff you learned. This can be big issue in metro and big cities as the traffic and distance to a good coaching center may take up to an hour to go and another hour to comeback. Another disadvantage can be meeting new friends and waste more time with them, slowly as you go formal less information and more useless stuff start flowing.

The advantage of studying at home is that you have total control over time and a complete concentration is possible. You can save lot of time that you spend in going out to class and buffer time between the classes. You can spare some time for search and being a part of active forums on internet to see what others are doing and how they are preparing.

The major disadvantages of studying at home are lots distract ERS that may push you away from study like, TV, internet, family member, relative and friends. Even a single cut of tea from your beloved mom may take an hour and finally end up not doing anything. A Cricket match, a TV serial or a movie can lead to hours of distraction.

To make it in simple words if you are an average student better you choose to opt a coaching center. On the other hand, if you above average better prepare from home and keep the distractions away from you.

Make a balance between pro and cons and don’t waste your precious time in distracters like matches, TV shows, too much to time with friends and relatives. Stay focused and rise above you excuses and realize your dreams .

Wish you all a great luck.

Comment of an IITian over MTech in India.....

I would not suggest doing an MTech now, there is very little value in MTech in India, other than from  good colleges. Unless you are very specifically looking at

1. Government Jobs
2. Teaching Profession

I would NOT recommend going for MTech now. The most important thing you need to understand is that , there is an opportunity cost associated with MTech, the point is you are losing 2 years of your job, and 2 years of experience. If you cannot make up for what you lose in the knowledge you gain, and in being able to apply to more companies, you are losing A LOT.

Firstly the only important difference you would find between BTech , and MTech is actually only the project/thesis you do. In average colleges, this is often a joke, and I have seen people get through with projects that would not even make the B.Tech
Project cut at NITs, so considering your interest is to get into Core CS, it would not help you.

If you look at placement statistics, the placement statistics of MTechs ain't much better (or in many cases are actually worse) than that of BTech of the same college.

Look at the faculties in the colleges you are going to, do you really think they would be able to guide the MTech students ?

So going for MTech now will NOT help you to

1. Get more deep knowledge about core CS topics.
2. Get a much better placement at a later time

If you are confident that you can do better, I would definitely suggest aiming for IITs (even NITs have
very little additional value when it comes to MTech) and I am sure you can make it.

Important Topic List for GATE EXAM

Hello Friends,

Here is some of the important topics for the GATE exam. I evaluate these on the basis of my experience and knowledge, hope it will help you.

Subject Wise Priority List
1. Mathematics
2. Manufacturing science/ Production technology
3. Industrial engineering
4. SOM
5. TOM
6. Design
7. Thermodynamics
8. Fluid Mechanics
9. Heat Transfer
10. RAC
11. Powerplant
12. IC engines
13. Engineering materials and Engineering
Mechanics

IMPORTANT TOPICS

1. Mathematics
Probability
eigen values and eigen vectors
differential equations
Laplace transform
numerical methods
calculus, gradient, multiple integrals
complex variables
matrix algebra

2. Production (IMPORTANT)
Theory of metal cutting (most imp .)
rolling calculations
wire drawing and extrusion
calculations
sheet metal, (clearance and force
required, shear calculations)
limit, tolerance, fits
basic machining operations time
calculations (lathe, grinding,
drilling etc.)
Casting(important)
welding
NC, CNC, M and G code

3. Industrial Engineering
EOQ Models
PERT and CPM
Queueing Model
Forecasting
LPP
Break even analysis
Work study and measurement
Scheduling and Johnson's Rule
Balancing

4. SOM
Principe stress and strain
BMD and SFD
Torsion
Columns and struts
Theories of failures thin cylinders

5. TOM
Mechanism
Gear train
Flywheel
Linear Vibration Analysis of
Mechanical systems

6. DESIGN
Rolling contact bearings. load life
relationship
Fluctuating Load consideration for
design
Clutch, brake

7. THERMODYNAMICS
Basic concepts
application of first law
Entropy and availability
(IMPORTANT)
pure substances
thermodynamics relations

8. FLUID MECHANICS
Properties of Fluid
Pressure measurement
Fluid kinematics
Bernoulli's equation & venturimeter
Boundary layer theory
Hydraulic Turbine

9. HEAT TRANSFER
Conduction
critical thickness of insulation
unsteady conduction(lumped heat
analysis) (Important)
Heat exchangers (LMTD, NTU)
Radiation (shape factor, heat exchange between non black bodies)

10. RAC
Heat engine, pump and refrigerator
Vapour compression systems
Psychrometry

11. POWERPLANT
Steam cycle
Gas Cycle

12. IC ENGINES
Gas Power cycles(Otto, Diesel)

13. ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Iron-Carbon Equilibrium diagram
Heat treatment

14. Engineering Mechanics
Equilibrium and truss

These are the very important topics for the GATE
exam...
Any doubt and question are welcome....

Strategy for Cracking GATE from home i.e. with out coaching

Guys i want to tell you all that securing above 60 marks in GATE is not that much difficult. I was unable to get because of lack in preparation and not able to bear the pressure in the final 1 hour of GATE exam. still i got promising marks, that boost me up.

Well in mechanical from the last 3 or 4 years the GATE pattern was quite easy compared to that of 2007 and before. So now a days some serious
concentration on very important topics make you to get away with a very good rank.

Now i want to tell you that what are the most important topics in gate exam.

GATE PATTERN
GATE exam is of 100 marks and in mechanical average cut off is between 25 to 30, but may depend on the exam of particular year. there is 70 marks for the all technical part of mechanical side which consist of core mechanical subjects and other part consist of 15 marks engineering
mathematics plus 15 marks for aptitude and English.

Heat transfer, Thermodynamics,
Fluid Mechanics and Machines,
Strength of materials, Theory of
Machines, Production Technology,
Power plant, RAC and Machine
Design, IC engines.

Engineering mathematics English and Reasoning and Aptitude for me preparing time is less so i left machine design and RAC, but i suggest you to not to leave any of these subjects. i explain how to make this simple.

Strategy
Firstly cover Thermodynamics
completely with last 10 years gate
papers and after that when you are through with the subject then its time for heat transfer and IC engine cycles i.e. Otto, and diesel cycles.

With Thermodynamics it is easy for you to cover heat transfer and understand it easily.

Now when you are done with these subjects then its time for Fluid and power plant subjects, comparatively fluid syllabus is more than power plant, power plant only includes vapour power cycle and steam power cycle. Sothese are the very important
subjects

Now the most important subject
according to me is Production Technology, all last year exam gives you an idea how important is this. In GATE 2013 it consist of 16 marks out of 70. so it makes you feel that how important is this subject, so give sufficient time to this subject to justify its importance.

In production technology metal cutting, casting, forming is very
very important.

Now subjects Theory of Machines
and Strength of Materials have equal importance. Always 7 to 8 marks is expected from these subjects.

Machine design and RAC consist
of less marks but never underestimate these subjects as of their importance.

According to me at least 20 to 25 days are requires for the practise after your preparation of all subjects.
other subject i.e. maths, Eng. and aptitude also require time for the practise.

HOW TO MAKE PREPARATION SIMPLE

Now you are thinking all these subjects done at a time is very difficult to remember. so here the some ways to how to do this:

1. firstly you prepare thermal subjects i.e. Thermodynamics, heat transfer, IC engines.

2. then start fluid along with practise of previous subjects.

3. at the middle of fluid start production and

4. when fluid ends along with of production start some 1 or 2 hour practise of maths, and aptitude.

5. when you all are done then try to give some tests so that to increase your speed.

6. doing all your practise set a time alarm near to you so that every time you can increase your speed.

7. now for machine design and rac if more time is there then gocompletely through these subjects

8. but if time is not there then try to see last year papers what is they are asking in these subjects and make Strong that topics.

9. 20 to 25 days of complete practise is must.

10. try to maintain daily 8 to 10 hours, is you are able to give more that is up to you soon i will post some more information regarding
gate exam and list of important gate topics.

you can ask for any of your doubt.
keep preparing....

GATE 2015 GRADUATE APTITUDE TEST IN ENGINEERING

GATE 2015

GRADUATE APTITUDE TEST IN ENGINEERING

Organizing Institute: Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Admission to Postgraduate Courses  (Masters and Doctoral) in the country, with MHRD and other Government Scholarships/Assistantships in Engineering/ Technology/ Architecture/ Science, is open to those who qualify in GATE. 

Validity of GATE 2015 score will be for a period of 3 (THREE) YEARS ONLY from the date of  announcement of results. For all the papers, GATE 2015 examination will be conducted in only ONLINE mode. For some of the papers the examination will be conducted in multiple sessions. For details, please visit GATE 2015 website.

Eligibility: Candidates in the following categories ONLY are eligible to appear for GATE:
(a) Bachelor’s degree holders in Engineering/ Technology/Architecture (4 years after 10+2/Post-Diploma) and those who are in the final year of such programs,
(b) Candidates in the final year of the Four-year Bachelor’s degree program in Science (B.S.).
(c) Master’s degree holders in any branch of Science/Mathematics/Statistics/Computer Applications or equivalent and those who are in the final year of such programs,
(d) Candidates in the second or higher year of the Four-year Integrated Master’s degree program (Post-B.Sc.) in Engineering/Technology,
(e) Candidates in the fourth or higher year of Five-year Integrated Master’s degree program or Dual Degree program in Engineering/Technology,
(f) Candidates in the final year of Five-year integrated M.Sc. or Five year integrated B.Sc./M.Sc. program and
(g) Candidates with qualifications obtained through examinations conducted by professional societies recognized by UPSC/AICTE (e.g. AMIE by IE(I), AMICE(I) by the Institute of Civil Engineers (India)-ICE(I)) as equivalent to B.E./B.Tech. Those who have completed section A or equivalent of such professional courses are also eligible.

Candidates have to apply only ONLINE. The application fee is 1500 for General/OBC male candidates, 750 for female candidates and 750 for the SC/ST/PwD category candidates. The application fee can be paid either online or through e-challan via State Bank of India or Axis Bank
(additional bank charges may apply). The application fee is non refundable.

Application Process Submission of Online Application Forms may be made by accessing the website of the zonal GATE office of the examination city where the candidate wishes to appear. For details on filling up of online application form and the application process, please refer to the websites of IISc or any of the IITs as listed below.

Zonal GATE Office Tentative List of Examination Cities*

Chairperson, GATE, IISc Bangalore, Bengaluru - 560 012
Website: gate.iisc.ernet.in
Alappuzha, Aluva, Ananthapur, Attingal, Bagalkot, Bangalore, Belgaum, Bellary, Bidar, Chengannur, Davengere, Gulbarga, Hassan, Hubli, Idukki, Kannur, Kanjirapally, Kasaragod, Kolar, Kollam, Kothamangalam, Kottayam, Kozhikode, Kurnool, Malappuram, Mangalore, Manipal, Muvattupuzha, Mysore, Nedumangad, Pala, Palakkad, Payyannur, Port Blair, Punalur, Shimoga, Thrissur, Tumkur and Vadakara

Chairperson, GATE, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai - 400 076
Website: www.gate.iitb.ac.in
Ahmedabad, Ahmednagar, Amravati, Anand, Aurangabad, Bhavnagar, Bhuj, Gandhinagar, Goa, Hyderabad, Jalgaon, Kolhapur, Lonawala, Mehsana, Mumbai, Nagpur, Nanded, Nashik, Navi Mumbai, Pune, Rajkot, Ratnagiri, Sangli, Satara, Secunderabad, Solapur, Surat, Thane and Vadodara

Chairperson, GATE, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110016
Website: gate.iitd.ac.in
Ajmer, Alwar, Bahadurgarh, Bikaner, New Delhi, Delhi-NCR, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Hisar-Rohtak, Indore, Jammu, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Karnal, Kota, Mathura, Palwal, Sikar, Udaipur-Chittorgarh and Ujjain.

Chairperson, GATE, IIT Guwahati, Guwahati – 781039
Website: www.iitg.ernet.in/gate
Agartala, Asansol,Dhanbad, Durgapur, Gangtok, Guwahati, Imphal, Jorhat, Kalyani, Patna, Silchar, Siliguri, Shillong and Tezpur

Chairperson, GATE, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur – 208016
Website: www.iitk.ac.in/gate
Agra, Aligarh, Allahabad, Bareilly, Bhopal, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Kanpur, Lucknow and Varanasi

Chairperson, GATE, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur – 721302
Website: gate.iitkgp.ac.in
Balasore, Berhampur (Odisha), Bhilai, Bhimavaram, Bhubaneswar, Bilaspur (CG), Cuttack, Eluru, Hooghly, Jamshedpur, Kakinada, Kharagpur, Kolkata, Raipur, Rajahmundry, Ranchi, Rourkela, Sambalpur, Tadepalligudem, Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam

Chairperson, GATE, IIT Madras, Chennai – 600036
Website: gate.iitm.ac.in
Angamaly , Bapatla, Chennai North, Chennai South, Chittoor, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dindigul, Ernakulam, Erode, Gudur, Guntur, Kadapa, Kanyakumari, Karimnagar, Karur, Khammam, Madurai, Nagercoil, Nalgonda, Namakkal, Nellore, Ongole, Puducherry (Pondicherry), Salem, Thanjavur, Thiruchengode, Thiruvannamalai, Thiruvananthapuram, Tiruchirapalli, Tirunelveli, Tirupati, Tuticorin, Vellore, Villupuram, Virudhunagar and Warangal

Chairperson, GATE, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee – 247667
Website: www.iitr.ac.in/gate
Ambala, Amritsar, Bathinda, Chandigarh-Mohali-Fatehgarh Sahib, Dehradun, Ghaziabad, Haldwani-Bhimtal, Hamirpur (HP)-Una, Jalandhar-Phagwara, Kurukshetra, Ludhiana-Moga, Meerut, Moradabad, Noida, Panchkula, Panipat, Pathankot, Patiala-Sangrur, Roorkee- Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur, Sirmaur, Solan-Shimla, Sonepat and Yamunanagar

* List of cities may change. Please consult corresponding zonal GATE office websites for complete list of cities.

IMPORTANT DATES

Commencement of ONLINE Application Monday 1st Sept 2014

Last date for submission of ONLINE Application (website closure) including the upload of supporting documents  (Photograph, proof of eligibility and category certificate for SC/ST/PwD) at respective zonal GATE Offices Wednesday 1st Oct. 2014

Dates of Examination

Between 31st January 2015 and 14th February 2015 (On Saturdays and Sundays)
The exact schedule will be given on the GATE 2015 website

New method for propulsion in fluids

Researchers discover a way for temperature gradients in fluids to move objects.

David L. Chandler | MIT News Office

Researchers at MIT have discovered a new way of harnessing temperature gradients in fluids to propel objects. In the natural world, the mechanism may influence the motion of icebergs floating on the sea and rocks moving through subterranean magma chambers.
The discovery is reported this week in the journal Physical Review Letters by associate professor of mechanical engineering Thomas Peacock and four others. The finding was an unexpected outcome of research on other effects of temperature differences, such as the way winds form over glaciers in a valley, Peacock says.

These winds are generated by natural convection that arises from temperature differences between a fluid and a heated or cooled boundary. “People had only ever studied this phenomenon in relation to a fixed object,” Peacock says. But his group realized that “if you can induce these kinds of flows on the
boundaries of a floating object, you can generate forces.”
Peacock’s first study of the concept, about four years ago, focused on slow flows caused by diffusion — work that demonstrated that induced
boundary flows can generate small propulsive forces. But diffusion is a very gradual process, he says, and the resulting forces are perhaps too
small to be exploited.
“I always thought, and expected, that the equivalent flows you could generate by selective heating and
cooling of an object could be more significant,”
Peacock says.
But perfecting the experimental setup was challenging. Fully calming a floating object and tank of water before beginning a test and devising a way to heat the object without causing ripples or movement were particularly difficult tasks. The
team decided to use a metal wedge, about 5 inches long, containing a heating element that could be
activated by a remote control unit.
This experiment was the first to demonstrate that a temperature differential between the surface of an
object and the surrounding fluid can drive movement — an effect that might have widespread significance in the natural world, and potential for
future technologies.
The effect itself is surprisingly simple, Peacock explains: “By virtue of heating or cooling the surface
of an object, you change the density of any fluid next to that surface.” In the valley winds previously considered, the object was either a glacier or a valley wall heated by the sun, and the fluid was the air passing over it; in this case, it’s the solid wedge and its surrounding water.
The changed density of the fluid generates a flow over the surface, Peacock says, adding, “That flow
then creates unbalanced forces, with lower pressure on one side, and higher on the other” — an imbalance that propels the object from the higher pressure toward the lower.

The phenomenon applies to “any situation where an object is immersed in fluid, and its temperature is different” from that of the fluid, Peacock says.

The basic equations that govern convection are well known, Peacock says. “This type of flow has been
studied for over 100 years, but somehow, in all that time, no one had thought to do this.”
Colm-cille Caulfield, an applied mathematician and theoretical physicist at Cambridge University who was not involved in this research, says it is indeed surprising that this phenomenon has been
overlooked for so long. “That such a generic and naturally occurring process … has been identified,
demonstrated, and explained for the first time is a significant and surprising discovery,” he says. Coalfield adds that while the initial laboratory proof involved a small object, the effect presumably also
applies to larger systems. “The real prize is to demonstrate that this process is also significant on a larger scale,” he says. “If such a scale-up can be achieved, this work has the potential to be central to our understanding and modeling of many
environmentally and industrially relevant flows.”

Peacock is already working on such follow-up experiments, to figure out “whether the effect can be exploited, in an engineering sense, and also
whether nature might already be exploiting it.”
The method could prove useful in controlling how particles move through microfluidic devices, or in
understanding the motion of material floating in magma. It may, Peacock says, even turn out to be something that living organisms have learned to
harness: If a very small creature can propel itself by selectively heating or cooling itself, that could turn out to be a significant mechanism, he says.
“It’s very rare in fluid mechanics to discover a new phenomenon like this,” Peacock says. “There are
so many fields that this could potentially impact. ….
I hope other researchers will hear about the effect and investigate it in their particular fields and discover new things.”

In addition to Peacock, the work was carried out by former MIT postdoc Matthieu Mercier, now at the
Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse in France; MIT affiliates Brian Doyle and Michael
Allshouse; and Arezoo Ardekani, now a faculty member at the University of Notre Dame.

Basic Thermodynamic

Thermodynamic System

The study of thermodynamics considers the basic subject of the analysis what is called a system. In
general, a system can be defined solely as the part of the universe that the research or study focus the
attention. The previous understanding of system divides the universe into two parts, the system and
the surroundings . Thus, the surroundings is everything in the universe outside of the system.

Macroscopic Point of View

The thermodynamics study of a system can be described in terms of general quantities such as the
system composition (chemical composition in many cases), volume, pressure, and temperature. This is the macroscopic point of view of a thermodynamic system. Thus, the macroscopic point of view of a thermodynamic system refers to the large scale properties of the system.

Microscopic Point of View

The microscopic study of thermodynamic system is based on the formulations of statistical mechanics. Under this formalism, the thermodynamic system is considered to be formed by a very large number of molecules, N , where the individual molecules are characterized by six independent parameters. Of the six independent parameters, three are the position coordinates of the molecule at any instant of time; and, the remaining three parameters are the velocity coordinates of the molecule. The molecules of the thermodynamic system can interact with  each other through simple collisions or through forces produced by their particular fields. These forces are especially important when they are of the magnetic or electric nature. The thermodynamic system is analyzed in terms of the possible energy states accessible to the individual molecules. After measuring macroscopic quantities associated to the thermodynamic system, the value of the macroscopic parameters are a reflection of the equilibrium state of the thermodynamic system as obtained from the probabilistic analysis of the
possible microscopic individual energy states of the molecules. The probabilistic analysis of the possible states of the individual molecules of the system  determines all the possible states of the
thermodynamic system; from those, the state with the highest probability is called the equilibrium
state. In the study of thermodynamic systems, the population (number of molecules) of the different
molecular energy states is the foremost problem to be solved.
In many cases, to validate the probabilistic approach to the study of thermodynamic systems the  system is considered part of an ensemble of systems. An ensemble of system is a large number of similar system where the system under study is a part.

Mechanical and Thermodynamic Coordinates. Mechanical coordinates are associated to the external analysis of the position and velocity of a complete system such as a rigid body. Based on the mechanical coordinates of the system, the potential and kinetic energies of the system can be calculated. The potential and kinetic energies are called the mechanical or external energy of the system, On the other side, macroscopic quantities determining the internal state of the system are called thermodynamic coordinates . The thermodynamic quantities are used to establish the internal energy of the system. A system is a thermodynamic system, if it can be described in terms of the thermodynamic coordinates.

Thermal Equilibrium

If for a given state of a thermodynamic system, the set of thermodynamic coordinates have a definite
constant value for unchanged external conditions, the state of the system is an equilibrium state. An
individual system reaches the equilibrium state when under unchanged external conditions the thermodynamic coordinates describing the system have a defined constant value. On a multiple systems case, when two systems are in contact with each other, they can be in contact by way of a wall that can be perfectly adiabatic all the way through a wall that is perfectly diathermic .

Adiabatic Walls

A wall is called adiabatic if the wall does not permit the transfer of energy (heat) ( add link to heat) between the systems. Under this conditions, the two systems can maintain their own equilibrium state without interfering with each other. Thus, the thermodynamics coordinates associated with each other are unchanged because of the contact between the two systems. Therefore, the two systems can coexist for any value of the thermodynamics variables associated to the equilibrium state of the individual systems.
Materials such as concrete, asbestos, and styrofoam represent a good approximation of adiabatic walls.

Diathermic Walls

A diathermic wall allows the exchange of energy between the two systems (thermal interaction). This exchange of energy produces a change in the thermodynamic coordinates of the two systems until an  equilibrium state between the two systems is obtained. When the two systems have reached an  equilibrium state, the two systems are in thermal equilibrium . Thus, thermal equilibrium is achieved by two or more systems when in contact through diathermic walls, if all the thermodynamic coordinates of the systems reach determined constant values characteristic of the individual system equilibrium states.

Zero Law

Experimentally, it can be seen that thermodynamic  systems in equilibrium satisfies the fallowing transitivity rule:
"If the thermodynamic system A is in thermal equilibrium with the thermodynamic system B, and
the thermodynamic system B is in thermal equilibrium with the thermodynamic system C; then, the thermodynamic system A is in thermal equilibrium with the thermodynamic system C."

The previous statement is called the zero law of thermodynamic. The name is originated from the fact that after the first and second law of thermodynamic were established, it was concluded that the  revious statement was implicitly assumed to be valid without a formal foundation. A simple  experiment that illustrate the scope of the Zero Law of Thermodynamic is described as follow:

In the schematic drawing on the left, between systems A and B there is an adiabatic wall that prevent  the thermal exchange between the two systems. At the same time, both systems are in contact with a third system, C, through diathermic walls that allow the thermal exchange. Thus, the thermal exchanges are possible between systems A and C, or between systems B and C. Nevertheless, the thermal exchange between systems A and B is still prevented by the adiabatic wall. In order to prevent the thermal exchange between the systems and the surroundings, the three systems are enclosed by adiabatic walls. After maintaining the experimental configuration described above for sufficient time, it is encountered that systems A and B reach thermal equilibrium with system C. That is, there is not more thermal exchange between systems A and C or between systems B and C. Remember that the adiabatic wall is preventing the thermal exchange between systems A and B. At this point, system C can be removed from contacting systems A and B. In addition, the adiabatic wall between systems A and B is replaced by a diathermic wall. As mentioned before, this kind of wall allows the thermal exchange between the systems in contact.
However, the experimental result is that there is not thermal exchange between the two systems, A and B. There is not net thermal exchange when the systems in contact have reached thermal equilibrium. Therefore, systems A and B reached equilibrium between them when they reached equilibrium with system C. Thus, if system A is in thermal equilibrium with system C and system C is in thermal equilibrium with system B; then, system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B which is exactly the postulated of the Zero Law of thermodynamics.